山东大学研究生英语试题2015

1.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.

Chinaisthemostpopulatedcountryintheworldandoneofthecountrieswiththefastesteconomicgrowthoverthepastthreedecades.InequityinhealthhasarisenasalargeconcernforChinesesociety.Anewroundofhealthsystemreformswasinitiatedbythegovernmentinearly2009,aimingtoestablishahealthsysteminwhichallpeoplecanaccessbasichealthcarethroughanequitable,efficient,affordable,andeffectivehealthsystem,whichcoincidesstronglywiththebasicconceptofuniversalhealthcoverage(UHC)definedbyWorldHealthOrganization.Thereformsinitiatedin2009havefocusedonimprovingsocialhealthinsurance

schemesinbothruralandurbanareas,strengtheningtheprimaryhealthcaresystem,supportingdeliveryofessentialpublichealthprograms,removingdrugmarkupsfromthefinancingoftheprimaryhealthproviders,andreformingthepublichospitalsector.Allthesereformareasarecloselylinkedwithimprovingaccesstoaffordableandqualityhealthcareforall.Priortothereforms,Chinahadbegunexpanding

healthinsuranceschemesfortheruralpopulationin2003andforurbanunemployedindividualsin2007.

TheprincipalsourceofinformationforUHCmonitoringandevaluationisthetwomaindatabasesmanagedbytheCenterforHealthStatisticsandInformationoftheNationalHealthandFamilyPlanningCommission.Oneisthenationalhealthservicessurveydatabase,whichprovidesindividual-baseddataonaccess,healthcareutilization,andmedicalexpenditures.Theotherdatabasecontainstheroutine

reportingdataofhealthfacilities,whichprovidesbasicinformationonpublichealthproviders.InformationforanalyzingcontextualfactorsforUHCincludingeconomicdevelopment,population,thesocialsecuritysystem,andeducationcanbeobtainedfromtheChinaStatisticalYearBooksthatareproducedbytheNationalBureauofStatistics.IndicatorsformonitoringandevaluatingUHCinChinacanbeplacedintothreecategoriesofinstitutional,service,andcostcoverage.Institutionalcoveragereferstotheinstitutionalizedmechanismsandprogramsthatincludefinancialprotectionmechanisms(healthinsuranceschemes),provisionofessentialpublichealthprograms,andmechanismsformobilizinghumanresourcesandimprovingthequalityofhealthcare.

中国是世界上人口最多的国家,也是在过去的三十年里经济增长最快的国家之一。健康不平等问题这个作为中国社会的一大担忧就随之出现了。新一轮的医疗体系改革是由在2009年年初发起的,旨在建立一个所有人可以通过公平、高效、可负担和有效的卫生系统获得基本卫生保健,这与世界卫生组织定义的全民健康保险的基本概念(UHC)非常一致。

我国的医疗卫生改革是从2009年开始的，其致力于改善农村和城市地区的社会医疗保险体系,加强初级卫生保健体系建设,支持基本公共卫生服务项目的提供,将药物利润从初级卫生服务提供者的财政收入中去除,并对公立医院进行改革。所有这些改革的领域与提高全民可负担得起和高质量的医疗保健有着紧密的联

系。改革前,在2003年和2007年，中国已经分别开始扩大农村人口和城市失业人口的医疗保险覆盖范围。

UHC监测和评价信息的主要来源是由卫生统计信息中心和国家卫生计生育委员会管理的两个主要的数据库。一个是国家卫生服务调查数据库,它提供了基于个人的卫生服务可获得性、卫生服务利用和医疗支出数据。其他数据库包含卫生设施的例行报告数据,主要提供公共卫生服务提供者的基本信息。分析全民医疗覆盖的环境因素包括经济发展、人口、社会保障体系和教育的信息可以从国家统计局的中国统计年鉴里获得。在中国，监测和评价UHC的指标可以放在机构、服务和成本覆盖三个类别里。制度覆盖指的是制度化的机制和程序,包括财政保护机制(医疗保险)、基本的公共卫生服务的提供机制、人力资源流动机制和医疗保健的质量的提高。

2.Composition:“chanllengesandadvantagestowardsachievingUHC”.Usingexamplesorfigurestodemonstrateyourviewpoint.Doctorstudents:Around2000wordswithreference.chanllengesandadvantagestowardsachievingUHC

Universalhealthcoverage(UHC)isthegoalofhealthsystemdevelopmentandhealthpolicyinmanycountries，Abouttheconceptofuniversalhealthcoverage,internationalSocialconsensusincluding:healthresourcesequitableaccess，healthservicesequitableaccessandsecuritysystemaccess。

Universalhealthcoverage(UHC)meansthateverycitizencanaccessequitable,affordableandadequatehealthcare.Withtheagingpopulation,transationofdiseasepatternformcommunicablediseasetochronicnon-communicabledisease,rapidadvancesinthehigh-technologyandincreasingdemandofpopulation,healthsystermisfacingthechanllegesoflimitedhealthresourcesandexpandingdemandofhealthcare.Howtodevelopaneffiecienthealthfinancingsystemtoaddressthesechanllegeshasbecomeanimportantissuethateverycountryintheworldisstrivingtosolve.

\"Thenewhealthcarereform\"hasputforwordclearlyanewdirection,namely\"setupabasicmedicalsecuritysystemthatcoveringbothurbanandruralresidents

\"towardsuniversalhealthcoverage,thisistheprogressofhistoricsignificancethattheprevioushealthcarereformfailedtoraise,\"newHealthcarereform\"havemadeitclearthatuniversalhealthcoverageofurbanandruralresidentsbasicmedicalsecuritysystem,inparticular,isthetownworkermedicalinsuranceinthreeyears,in2011.Urbanresidentshealthcareandnewfarmingtomatchtherateofincreasetomorethan90%.Toachievethegoalofuniversalcoverage,withinthreeyearsinruralareasdonotseemtobedifficult,Thedifficultyandthekeyliesintheurbanareas.Urbanresidentsmedicalinsurancemustbreakthroughthepredicamentof\"adverseselection\"inthevoluntaryhealthinsurance,andmedicalinsuranceforurbanemployees.Wemusttosolveunitofchooseandemploypersonsfromemployerspayofinsuranceofsocialresponsibilityproblem.

Universalhealthcoverage(UHC)havesomeadvantages.Firstly,itcanmakethegovernmentobviouslyincreasehealthinvestment,healthresourcesandservice

ability.Secondly,itmakestheMedicalandhealthservicesutilizationincreaseddramatically.Thirdly,Basiccoverage,coverageandsafeguardlevelrapidlyexpanding.Thedifferenceamongthedifferentfinancingsystemandsafeguardlevelishuge,andlackofstabilityfinancinggrowthmechanism;Duetothedifferenceofeconomicdevelopmentlevelineveryareaishuge,combinedwiththesecuritylevelasawholeunitislow,eventhoughthesamebasichealthcareSystemhavesignificantregionaldifferences;Newfarmersandcitizeninthewarranty80%ofthefinancingshallbebornebythegovernmentatalllevels,hasastrongwelfareprotectionQuality,butbothaccordingtothesocialsecuritysystemratherthanthewelfaresystemLinemanagement,increasedthefinancingandmanagementcost,affecttheefficiencyandsystemSustainability;Newfarming,thelifeinsuranceandmedicaltreatmentandcitybasicmedicalinsurancesystemDegreesbelongtodifferentdepartmentssuchashealth,preserve,andciviladministrationmanagement,cannotadapttoChina'srapidindustrializationandurbanizationbringspopulationofmasstransferThesituation.Thesetoachievefair,efficientandsustainablehealthcoverCoverthechallenge.这一段是按下面这一段翻译过来的，你看着中文改一下，有多爱翻译的，句子不是很通顺）（不同制度的筹资和保障水平差异巨大，且缺乏稳定的筹资增长机制；由于各地经济发展水平差异巨大，加之统筹层次低且统筹单位多，即使同种基本医保制度的地区之间差异也十分巨大；新农合与城居保80%的筹资由各级承担，具有很强的福利保障性质，但是二者按照社会保障制度而不是福利制度进行管理，增加了筹资和管理成本，影响制度的效率和可持续性；新农合、城居保和医疗救助等基本医保制度分属卫生、人保和民政等不同部门管理，不能适应我国快速工业化和城镇化带来的人口大规模转移的形势。）结尾：制定的深化医改“十二五”

规划即实施方案也把完善医疗保障制度作为未来的改革重点之一。对此，需要进一步明确实现全民健康覆盖的目标，制定可行的时间表、路线图和推进策略。(结尾就按这段话翻译一下就好了)学号：201313998李燕