公共英语等级考试三级(PETS3)学习笔记(七)

Dialogues /monologues:

1、 Once, everyday brought new challenges and experiences. Now, As far as your job‟s concerned, you‟ve been there, seen it and done it too.

As far as… concerned：就……而言。如：

As far as we‟re concerned you can go whenever you want. 就我们而言，随时想走都可以走。

2、My experience it that if you have a control of several languages, then you put it in, you put that

to use only occasionally—but the occasion is often a highly critical one!

put sth in 花时间(精力)做某事。如：

Thank you for all the hard work you‟ve put in.——谢谢你的这一切努力。

全句翻译：我的经验是如果你确实已经掌握了几种语言，也要花很多时间去练习，因为在某些场合你会用到这些语言——而这些场合通常都是至关重要的! Passage:

How to find freelance administrative work

If you have good office management and computer sills,

you might consider looking for freelance administrative work. As a general category, this includes word processing, data entry, calendar or appointment planning, basic billing and other administrative support tasks. If you have administrative experience, then all the better for showing prospective employers that you are knowledgeable, skilled and reliable. Your first step to finding freelance administrative work is to craft a list of services. Write something up yourself, then research online and in newspaper classified ads to get ideas about services to add to your list or other ways to word your offerings. The goal is to present a comprehensive list of services that leaves no questions in the reader‟s mind. Once you have this list, you can add your hourly fees. If you‟ve unsure about what your rates should be, call several local temp agencies to learn what they charge their clients. You can also use the salaries advertised in the newspaper as a guild—simply divide the annual salary into an hourly rate. You‟ll also need a current resume. Even if you go through temp agencies or Web sites to find work, having both a resume and a list of services will help you look professional and easily fill out all the forms and paperwork.

There are many sources for finding work. You many want

to target one source at a time, or make up lists of companies from all sources and start with a few from each. Either way, you will be making lots of phone calls and visiting lots of local businesses to make your pitch.

You may talk to any previous employers and let them know you are freelancing. Inform the human resources or temp workers. If you are working now, consider starting your freelance business on the side and working slowly toward independence. You may even be able to get freelance work from your company.

You may also do some research at your local library, the chamber of commerce and through the local paper to target small businesses that might need occasional or ongoing part-time work. Small operations such as landscaping, construction, food or catering and painting are sometimes too small to pay for a full-time office helper and too busy to do the work themselves. These companies could use someone in the office for a few hours a week or a monthly billing session. No matter where you get your work, remember that your performance will impact whether a company wants to hire you again and recommend you to other people. Work-of-mouth is an important resource for getting work, so make the best of

any work and networking opportunities. 参考译文:

怎样找到行政方面的自由职业

如果你有很强办公室管理能力和电脑技术，也许可以考虑找一份行政管理方面的自由职业。根据一般分类，这种工作包括：文字处理，数据输入，制定日程表或者安排会面，开账单或者是其他支持性质的行政事务。如果你有行政管理的工作经验，能向未来的雇主展示你是有知识有技巧，并且可靠的那就更好了。

要找一份自由职业性质的行政管理工作，第一步是要列一张包含服务内容的清单，首先自己写一些，然后在网上或是报纸小广告上找找，看还有什么可以添加的服务内容，或者是用文字把自己的能力和所能做的事情表达出来。这样做的目的是要做一张一目了然的清单，不要让看清单的人心存疑问。

清单做好之后你可以在上面加上自己每小时想要多少工钱。如果你不确定自己处在哪个标准，可以打电话去当地的临时事务咨询所问问看他们收取客户多少钱。你也可以参照报纸上的薪水建议——只需要简单地把薪水换算成小时费率就可以了。

你还需要一份现在的简历。即使你是去临时工作事务所的网站上找工作，有简历和清单也会使你看上去很专业，并且能使你很快就能填完所有的表格和书面材料。

你可以从很多地方找工作。也许你每次以一种渠道为目标，或者把各种渠道打听到的公司列下来，从其中一些入手。无论是这两种方

法中的哪一种，都需要你打很多电话，并且不停地去各个当地的公司推销自己。

你可以跟以前的任何雇主交谈，让他们知道你现在从事自由职业。通知人力资源部门，因为不管是自由职业者还是临时员工的工作都是他们安排的。如果你现在有工作也可以考虑做点自由职业作为副业，慢慢地走向独立。你甚至可以从自己的公司接到活干。 你还可以在当地图书馆、商会做些调查，或者是通过当地的报纸来找一些小型的公司，这样的公司可能会有不定时的兼职工作或者正有兼职工作。一些像搞园林美化、建设、食品和承办酒席的小公司承担不了全职的员工自己又忙不过来，这样的公司可能会需要人手一个礼拜工作几个小时或是一个月工作一段时间。

不管你是在哪找到的工作，都要记住你的表现，这关系到以后这家公司还会不会用你或者会不会推荐你去别的公司。口头宣传对于找工作是很重要的，所以要充分地利用每一次的工作和人际关系带来的机会。

Unit 27 Education

Dialogues /monologues:

1、I would have thought they'd be very useful for children without brothers and sisters.

would/should have +过去分词，表示“应该做某事”，而实际没有。

本句可以翻译为：我应该想到它们对独生子女是很有用的。

2、The reality is that people learn subjects such as languages and mathematics at different speeds.

Speed：【俚语】在这里应翻译为： 嗜好，个性：适合某人的兴趣、技能或性格的东西：

E.G. Living in a large city is not my speed. 住在大城市里不是我所喜欢的

1、 My parents recognized that the best learning is learning-by-doing, and they facilitated a lot of interesting experiences for me, whether it was driving me across town, paying for courses and lessons, or just including me in their lives.

我的父母认识到，最好的学习方法是边干边学。为此，他们让我体会了许多有趣的经历：或者开车带我在镇里转转，或者花钱让我让各种班，或者干脆将我直接纳入他们的生活。

本句解析：My parents recognized that the best learning is learning-by-doing, and they facilitated a lot of interesting experiences for me, (前半部分是具有递进意义的两个并列分句)whether it was driving me across town, paying for courses and lessons, or just including me in their lives. (后半部分是样态状语从句，其中由三个现在分词短语作表语)。

2、 interacting with a large group of people my own age was one of the joys I derived from school.

Derive sth from sth. <1> 得到，获得。如：

She derived no benefit from the course of drugs. 用药疗程后她并无好转。

<2>对某事物穷本穷源。如：

We can derive the word „derelict‟ from the Latin „derelictus‟

derelict 一词的起源可追溯到拉丁词 derelictus。 Passage:

China‟s education system

The development of education is of primary importance in china. Under the policy of “developing the country through science and education,” each child is offered free education for a compulsory nine years and the education system is constantly being improved. “oriented towards modernization, the world, and the future” is the guiding principle for the development of the Chinese education system, both in the long and the short term.

China‟s education system can be divided into the following stages:

Pre-school education is for 3-5 year olds and takes place in kindergartens.

Primary education is from 6-11. Primary schools are usually run by local educational authorities and over free tuition, although there are some private schools owned by enterprises and individuals.

Secondary schooling is for children from 12-17 years of age. Education of this kind is run by local governments and various business authorities. State-run secondary schools include junior middle schools and senior middle schools, both with three grades or years. The first three years of secondary school are compulsory and tuition is free. Senior middle school is not compulsory and students must pay minimal tuition fees. Private secondary schools often offer specialized education and have a more vocational bent, but the qualifications they offer are considered to be on the same level as those of state-run middle schools. However, graduates from secondary professional schools are seen to have achieved a higher level in some ways akin to a university education. Students graduating from junior middle schools usually go on to senior middle schools, although some move to vocational high schools or secondary professional schools for 3-5 years of study.

For higher education there are vocational courses as well

as undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral degrees. Bachelor‟s degrees usually require 4-5 years of study, master‟s degrees need 2-3 years and Ph.D.s are granted after 3 years. Higher education is offered in universities, colleges, institutes, and vocational colleges. These institutes conduct academic and scientific research and provide social services as well as offering courses to students. To enter a university or college, students have to take the national entrance examination, which takes place every July and is now open to people of all ages. Selection is based on each student‟s marks in this exam, and due to the number of people sitting the exam, getting into university is highly competitive. Those who fail to get selected have to go to private colleges if they want to continue their education. Tuition at such colleges is more expensive than at the state-run universities. Those who have missed out on higher education can continue their studies as adults in the workplace. 参考译文: 中国的教育制度

在中国，教育的发展是至关重要的。在“科教兴国”的方针政策下，每个孩子都有权利享受9年义务教育并且教育体系也在不断完善。无论是从长期还是从短期来说，“面向现代化、世界和未来”是中国教

育体制的指导原则。

中国的教育体系可分为以下几个阶段。 3-5岁为幼儿园学前教育阶段。

小学教育是从6岁到11岁。小学是由当地教育部门开办，实行免费。也有由企业和个人办的私立学校。

中学教育时间为12-17岁。中学是由当地政府和各种商业机构办的。公立的中学包括初中和高中两个阶段，各三年。初中是免费义务教育，高中不是义务教育，学生要交少量的学费。私立中学一般提供专业性的教育，学生的职业技能强一些，但是私立中学所发的文凭和公立中学所发的是同一水平。然而，在某些方面从专业学校毕业的学生与接受过大学教育的学生是差不多的。初中毕业生一般接着上高中，有些会去上职业高中或者是去技校学习3-5年。

高等教育包括高职、本科、硕士、博士。拿到学士学位一般需要4-5年时间，硕士学位需要2-3年，博士学位需要3年。提供高等教育的机构有大学，专科学院，研究所和职业学院。这些机构开展学术和科学研究，给学生提供学习课程和社会服务。要进大学，考生们必须参加每年平7月举行的全国高考，现在高考面向所有年龄的人开放。大学对学生的挑选是看高考成绩，由于参加高考的人数很多，所以竞争很激烈。那些没考上的人如果想要进大学学习的话只能去私立大学，私立大学的学费比设立大学高的多。没有接受高等教育的人可以在工作之后继续学习。 Unit 28 Popular Science

Dialogues /monologues:

1、what does the gravity has to do with the planets staying in orbit around the sun?

has to do with：V. 与……有关

2、It may be a case of communicating knowledge, drawing attention to new issues or enteraining on the basis of science subjects—and there is no reason why the same program cannot combine all three.

draw sb attention to sth：令某人注意某事。如：

She draw my attention to the boy who is crying on the road.

3、The film opens with an interview with Andrew Wiles, the man who discovered the solution to Fermat‟s last theorem, which had remained unsolved for centuries. open with：用……作为开场，以……开头。如： He opened the conference with a speech of welcome. 4、But I still hope I can open screens of any size depending on the distance I want to be from the wall in my living-room.

但是我还希望可以根据我离起居室墙的距离随意调整屏幕的大小。

Passage:

The World Wide Lab

The 20th century was the golden age of the laboratory. Answers to the great research questions were sought within sheltered chambers, where small groups of specialized experts scaled down (or up) phenomena in joyful isolation. Call it the era of trickle-down science: knowledge emerged from a confined center of rational enlightenment, then slowly became known to the rest of society. Science was what was made inside the walls where white coats were at work. Outside the laboratories boundaries began the realm of mere experience—not experiment.

Today, all this is changing. Indeed, it would be an understatement to say that soon nothing, absolutely nothing, will be left of this top-down model of scientific influence. First, the laboratory has extended its walls to the whole planet. Instruments are everywhere. Houses, factories, and hospitals have become lab outposts. Think, for instance, of global positioning systems: thanks to satellite networks, geologists and biologists can now take measurements outside their laboratories with the same degree of precision they achieve inside. Meanwhile, a worldwide network of environmental sensors monitors the planet in real time. And

research satellites observe it from above, as if the earth were under a microscope. The difference between outdoor science and lab science has slowly eroded.

Second, you no longer need a white coat or a Ph.D. to research specific questions. Take the AFM, a French patient advocacy group that focuses on ignored genetic diseases. It has hired researchers, pushed for controversial procedures like genetic therapy, and built an entire industry, producing at once a new social identity and a new research agenda. In the U.S., the audacity to challenge the experts, to storm the labs, started with AIDS activists and breast cancer groups; not it has spread to interested parties of all sorts, from patients who organize their own clinical trials to environmentalists who do their won fieldwork. A crucial part of doing science is formulating the questions to be solved; it‟s clear that scientists are no longer alone in this endeavor.

Third, there is the question of scale. The size and complexity of scientific phenomena under examination has grown to the point that scaling them down to fit in a laboratory is becoming increasingly difficult. Think of global warming: to be sure, labs are running complex models on huge computers. But how do you simulate a phenomenon that is happening on

us, with us, through the action of each of us as much as those of entire oceans and the high atmosphere? If the working hypothesis for global warming is that it‟s a product of human activity, isn‟t the only way to test this hypothesis to stop our harmful emissions and see—later and collectively—what has happened?

The sharp divide between a scientific inside, where experts are formulating theories, and a political outside, where non-experts are getting by with human values, is evaporating. And the more it does, the more the fate of humans is linked to that of things, the more a scientific statement(“the earth is warming)resembles a political one(“the earth is warming!). The matters of fact of science become matters of concern of politics. 参考译文:

20世纪是实验室的黄金时期。一组一组的专家们抱着愉快的心情躲在实验室里分析各种现象，他们正是在这些隐蔽的实验室探索那些伟大研究课题的答案。我们把这个叫做滴入式科学时代，即研究成果先从实验室出来，然后再慢慢向社会传播。科学是实验室里那些穿大白褂的研究人员得出的。研究室之外是实践的领域——而不是实验。

今天，所有的这一切都变了。当然，说在科学影响方面这种自上

而下的模式将不复存在，只是轻描淡写。

首先，实验室已将领域扩张到了全世界，到处都是仪器。房子，工厂，医院已经成了实验场所。比方说全球定位系统：由于卫星的覆盖网络，地质学家和生物学家可以在实验室外面进行测量而且精确度和在实验室里测量的一样。同时，全球的环境监测器随时对地球进行观察，就仿佛把地球置于一个显微镜下面。室外科学和实验室科学之间的差异正在慢慢消失。

其次，不再非得是穿白大褂的研究人员或者是博士才可以对具体的问题进行研究。像AFM，一个法国病人组织，主要针对不被重视的基因疾病。这个组织专门请了研究人员，力图在诸如基因治疗这样备受争议的研究上取得进展，而且他们建立了一整套体系，这套体系在为该组织获得新的社会地位的同时还设置了一个新的研究日程。在美国，关心艾滋病的活动家们和乳癌组织首先大胆地对专家们提出挑战并且攻击实验室。这种影响现在已经扩大到了各种利益集团，从自己组织临床试验的病人到亲自进行实地调查的环境保护者。做科学最关键的就是阐述那些等待解决的问题，很显然，在这方面科学家们不再是单独的团体。

再次，还有范围的问题。要想到等待检测的科学现象的范围缩小到适合实验室的研究是越来越难了。想想全球变暖的问题：可以肯定的是，复杂的模型在实验室里巨大的电脑上运行。但是怎么样模拟我们身上以及周围正在发生的现象?还有我们的行为所引起的整个海洋和大气层上空所发生的现象?如果全球变暖是由人类活动的这一

假设可行的话，那么检测这个假设的唯一方法是不是就是停止释放有害气体然后集中来看会发生什么?

实验室内部是科学家们构思假设的地方，而外部是非科学家们靠人类价值勉强维持的政治，这两者之间的差异正在消失。而且，这种差异越消失，人类的命运就越与政治联系在一起。科学的表述(地球正在变暖!)体现的是政治的表述(地球正在变暖!)。科学的事实变成了与政治利益有关的事情。 Unit 29 History

Dialogues /monologues:

1、 Brief Account of the history of China. (中国历史简述) Account：在这里应理解为“说明”的意思。

2、 China traces its origins as a clearly separate political and cultural unit to ancient times.

追溯到古代，中国是一个政治与文化划分得很清楚的国家。 as：在这里应理解为“被看作”。

3、 The dominating class in the later dynasties was made up of scholar-officials, who were recruited to serve the government based on their intelligence and skills rather than their family background.

(1)make up of sth 由……组成。如：

Farming and mining make up most of the country‟s industry.

(2)rather than 与其(某人/某事)，不愿，不要，不是。如： It‟s management that‟s at fault rather than the work-force. 错在资方而不在劳方。

4、 Its downfall in 1911 led the country to be torn apart by warlords, civil war, and Japanese invasion for several decades.

tear sth apart：彻底毁灭或击败某物，严厉地批评某事物。如： The critics tore her new play to pieces. (剧评家们把她的新戏批评得一无是处。)

5、 Governor Arthur Phillip directed the ships carrying “transported” convicts and jailors into Jackson, to the north. transported 在这里为过去分词作定语，修饰 convicts and jailors. Passage:

Why study history?

I turned down the lights in my classroom and asked the students to close their eyes and, “Imagine you are at a beach on a sunny day.” With your mind‟s eye, look around you. You see the waves lapping at the shore. To your left you see children in colorful swimsuits building sand castles, laughing and splashing in the water. To the right you see a boat dock painted blue. Several small boats are tied to the dock. You are

living in the present, observing your surroundings and feeling the warmth of the sun on your skin.

After spending some time sitting on the beach, you are becoming bored and hot, and you begin to think of the future. What do you want to do? How did you decide? Based on your past experience you know the water will be cool and refreshing, and playing in the waves will be fun, so you decide to go for a swim. Living in the present, you are making a plan for the future based on your knowledge of the past. The present, the future and the past are always tied together and are always with us.

It‟s getting later now, and the sun is beginning to set over the water. It is time to think about going home. You recall that you arrived at the beach on a boat and that you left the boat tied to the dock. You know how you will get home. This knowledge is comforting, and you decide to stay awhile longer and enjoy the sunset. As you can see, your decisions about the future are based on your knowledge of the past.

But, suddenly a spaceship falls from the sky knocking you unconscious. You awake with amnesia, remembering nothing of the past. You don‟t know why you are on a beach, where home is or how to get there. It‟s getting dark and you are

frightened. You groaned in agony because your loss of the past means you are hopelessly lost in trying to cope with the future.

Relax. You will probably never be struck by a falling spaceship… and you will learn what you need to know about beaches and swimming and getting home from your own personal experience. But, how will you learn of important thing that you cannot experience for yourself? How will you learn of the larger world outside your own personal experience? This is why we have schools, so you can learn from the experiences of others gathered over centuries of human experience. Without this knowledge, you would suffer from a kind of amnesia that would leave you lost when it comes to understanding important matters in you future. For example, why would foreign terrorists want to attack you and other Americans? Should the United States go to war with Iraq? Should we try to stop global warming? Should we work for economic justice in the world? Should scientists be allowed to alter human genes?

You live in a free society, in a democracy, where citizens are expected to help decide these kind of issues and—the truth is—citizens DO help decide important issues in our

country. It was the people, not the government, that brought the Vietnam War to an end. It was the people who led the way in the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s; the government followed. The people of the United States, and their elected representatives, will decide if they can support a war against Iraq.

We all need knowledge from the past—whether it comes from personal experience or from studying history. It is our only guide to the future. 参考译文:

我将教室的灯光调暗并且叫学生们闭上眼睛，“想象这是阳光灿烂的一天，你在海边，”用你想象的眼睛去看看周围，你看见波浪在拍打着海岸。左边是穿着五颜六色泳衣的孩子，有的在用沙子做城堡，有的笑着，有的在戏水;右边有一个漆成蓝色的船坞，上面系着几艘船。你身处现在，一边观察着周围，一边感受着阳光照在身上的温暖。 在沙滩上坐了一会儿后，你觉得无聊了并且感觉热，然后你开始考虑接下来的事情。你想做什么?怎么决定的?据以往的经验你知道水将变凉而且使你精神振作，在水里玩玩肯定很有意思，所以你决定去游泳。你身在现在，但是却在根据以前的经验为将来作计划。现在，将来，过去，这三者总是连在一起也总是伴随着我们的。

天色渐晚了，太阳慢慢地隐没在水中。该是考虑回家的时候了。你记起来你是坐船来海边的，而且把船系在船坞上了，你知道怎么回

家。想到这里你感到很欣慰，并且决定再多待一会儿，享受一下夕阳西下的美景。就像你所知道的，关于未来的决定是以过去的经验为基础的。

但是，突然一艘宇宙飞船从空中掉下来把你打晕了，你醒了过来但是失忆了，过去的事情什么都不记得了。你不知道自己为什么在海滩上，家在哪，怎么回去。天黑了，你感到很害怕。你痛苦的叹息，因为你失去了过去就意味着没有办法应付将来的事情。

放松，你也许永远也不会被掉下来的宇宙飞船砸中，而且你会从自身的经验中得到你需要知道关于海滩、游泳和回家的事情。但是你怎么学习那些自己无法亲身体会但是又很重要的事情呢?你怎么学习自己没经历过的外面的世界呢?

这就是为什么我们有学校，因为有学校所以我们可以学习几个世纪以来前人所积累的经验。没有这些知识，你可能要经历一种失忆的感觉，这种感觉会使你在将来面临很多重要的事情的时候感到迷失。例如说，为什么国外的恐怖分子想要袭击你和其他美国人?美国应该对伊拉克发动战争吗?我们应该阻止全球变暖吗?我们应该为世界经济的公正而努力吗?科学家应该修改人类的基因吗?

我们生活在一个自由民主的社会，在这样的社会中，公民应该协助政府在这些问题上作决定，事实上，我们国家的公民确实在这些问题上起了作用。结束越南战争的不是政府，而是人民。站在60年代民权运动最前面的也是人民，政府跟在后面。美国的人民以及他们所选出来的代表会决定是否应该支持对伊拉克的战争。

我们都需要过去的经验——不管是我们的亲身经验还是从历史中学来的，它是我们前进的唯一指导。 Unit 30 Geography

Dialogues /monologues:

1、Geography has been integrating many different subjects in its approach.

has been integrating：现在完成进行时

现在完成进行时与现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后结果。如： A：Be careful! John has been painting the door. B ：John has painted the door.

A句表示约翰刚刚把门刷漆过，现在油漆还末干，所以得小心。 B句则无此含义，油漆可能已经干了。

2、Many schools have eliminated geography in favor of more math and science courses. In favor of：

(1)赞成某人/某事;支持某人/某事。如：

Was he in favor of the death penalty? (他赞成死刑吗?) (2)(指支票)以某人/某部门为收款人。如：

Cheques should be written in favor of the Red Cross. 支票上请写明以红十字会为收款人。

3、SoI has a vital social cause other than recovering costs.

other than

(1) 除了(表示所说的不包括在内)。如：

She has no close friends other than him. (她除了他之外没有好朋友。)

(2) 不同于，而不。如：

I have never known him behave other than selfish. (我只知道他自私自利。)

4、At least, if someone like moved to your school and they‟re like “I‟m from whatever country” and you don‟t know where that is ,it‟s kind of sad. Passage:

Ecosphere thinking

Although in theory every educated person knows that the world is more than people, resources, and a vague environment to be protected, the very fact of seeing it as one spherical air-water-land system gives it a new and different reality. From a vantage point outside our home, a revealing perspective has shown us the planet for what it really is; a ball of living star dust, a four-and-one-billion year old miracle. Perhaps the strange human desire to fly away from the planet, to “slip the surly bonds of earth,” is a necessary impulse for discovering who we are. Perhaps we can never be

satisfied on earth until we have traveled away in space and come back home, back to our roots, to where we belong. To the question, “what is the world?” the answers still tend to be ambiguous. In the traditional sense, the earth remains the supportive environment for humanity; merely the means for enhancement of the one animal “made in God‟s image.” To physical science that has denatured reality the world is a material place of molecules and atoms, of solids, liquids and gases, of atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. For biological science it is a scene wherein mechanistic organisms compete for survival, driven by selfish genes. To the economist it is raw materials and resources, valueless until transformed by the “innovative genius of man” into marketable commodities. There are our humanistic homo-centred legacies—no longer reasonable.

In the profounder ecological sense, the world is now known as a unity. The various spheres—atom, hydro, litho, and bio—are intertwined and related, both in the historical evolutionary sense and in the present functional sense. Organic tissues of living things are fashioned from the elements of air, water and soil which in turn bear the imprints of life. Thus, the nutrient composition of sea water is

maintained by organisms which also stabilize the improbable composition of the atmosphere. Plants and animals formed the limestone in mountains whose sediments make our bones. Our blood and sea water are akin. On the earth‟s surface the artificial divisions that we have made between living and non-living, biotic and abiotic, organic and inorganic, are not only false but mischievous.

The reality of the world is not people and separate “other things”. Nor is the earth a machine whose secrets lie in its fragmented parts. It is — beyond all understanding—an integrated ecosphere of marvelous creativity.

The root meaning of “eco” is “home”, and the revealed ecosphere is the home-sphere from which all life came and in which all life exists. Thanks to NASA, ecology—which means study of the home—has had its eyes opened to the reality of the Home of all homes.

Ecology needs to escape its obsession with

organisms—the legitimate subject matter of biology—and fasten its attention on the larger whole in which organisms, including people, function as parts. Ecology‟s natural subject of interest is the earth-home, the ecosphere, not its fragmentary compositional parts. Ecology studies the whole;

biology studies the organic constituents of the whole that are no more important than air, water and soil. 参考译文:

从理论上讲，所有受过教育的人都知道不光是人、资源和一个模糊的需要保护的环境，把世界看作是一个空气—水—土地为整体的球体会赋予它一个全新的、不同的实际意义。从地球以外的有利地位来看，地球是一个有生命的、虚无缥缈的球体，一个有着50亿年生命的奇迹。

人类有一个奇怪的想法，那就是从地球上远走高飞以挣脱这个乖戾的星球。或许这个冲动对于发现我们究竟是谁是必要的。也许我们永远不会对地球感到满足，直到我们去太空旅行一圈再回来，回到我们的根，回到这个我们从属的地方。

对于“什么是地球?”这个问题的答案还不明确。从传统的感觉上讲，地球仍是给予人类支持的环境;它的作用仅仅是增强人类这种“以上帝形象创造的”动物。对于具有变性的物理学来说世界是由分子、原子，固体、液体、气体，大气圈、水圈、岩石圈和生物圈组成的物质世界;对于生物学家来说，世界是一个有机理性的有机物为了生存而展开竞争的地方，这种竞争是被自私所驱;对经济学家来说，地球是原材料和资源，这些资源如果不被人类天才般的创造力转化为市场商品的话就毫无价值。这些都是以人类为中心的人本主义思想的遗留物，已经不再合理。

站在深刻的生态学角度，世界现在被看作是一个整体。各个圈

——大气圈，水圈，岩石圈，生物圈——都是相互依赖相互联系的，不管是以过去进化的角度来看还是以现在功能的角度来看。生物休的有机经组织是由空气、水和土壤中的元素构成，这些元素都带着生命的印记。海水中的养分保存在有机物中，有机物对大气层奇异的构成也有稳定作用。山上的植物和动物形成石灰岩，石灰岩的沉积物构成人体骨骼。我们的血液和海水相近。在地球表面，我们对生物和非生物、生命体和非生命体、有机物和无机物所作的人为划分不光是错误而且是有害的。

真正的世界不是人类和分开的“其他东西”;也不是一台机器，这台机器的秘密在于所分裂的各个部分。真正的世界——不同于所有的理解——是一个完整的，充满了各种绝妙创造物的生物圈。 “eco”的根本意思是“家”。裸露的生物圈就是家，我们从这个家里来也在这个家里生存。多亏了美国宇航局，生态学——也就是研究我们的家园——已经注意到我们这个大家庭的现实。

生态学需要逃离有机生物的束缚——有机物是生物学的正规课题——而将注意力放在更大范围上。有机生物，包括人，只是这个范围的一部分。生态学本质主题的兴趣在于地球——我们的家、生物圈，而不是分裂开的各个组成部分。生态学研究的是整体;生物学研究的是这个整体里的有机成分，这些有机成分并不比空气、水和土壤更重要。