倒装句讲解

倒装句讲解

倒装句(Inversion) 主语和谓语是句子的核心，它们之间有两种语序：

一是主语在谓语之前称为自然语序（Natural Order）；

二是主语在谓语之后则称为倒装语序（Inverted Order）。

而倒装语序中又有完全倒装（Full Inversion）和部分倒装（Partial Inversion）

完全倒装（Full Inversion）:又称\"全部倒装\是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。

部分倒装（Partial Inversion）:指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前,而谓语动词无变化。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。

英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装, 二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。

前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。

一、 表示强调:

倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,其表现形式如下:

1

1.only +状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装。

Only in this way can you solve this problem.

只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。

Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.

只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。

2. hardly, in no way, little, scarcely, seldom, never ,no more, no longer ,not, not only, no sooner, not only … (but also),not until… 等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。

No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

我刚到家就下起了雨。

Seldom do I go to work by bus.

我很少乘公共汽车上班。

Not until twelve o'clock did she go to bed last night .

她昨晚十二点才上床睡觉。

3. so / such...that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和

2

that之间的部分。

So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled.

他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。

To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out.

她的彩排进行得那么长,以致于那两个演员都走出去了。

以上各例都用倒装语序突出了句首成分,其语气较自然语序强烈,因而具有极佳的修辞效果。

二、 承上启下

1.为了避免句子部分内容不必要的重复，常用\"so+be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语\"或\"neither/nor + be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语\"的倒装句式。

其中第一个句式表示\"与前面所述的肯定情况相同\"，第二个句式表示\"与前面所述的否定情况相同\"。

A: His brother is（not） a college student; B: so is mine.(nor is mine .)

A:他弟弟（不）是大学生，B:我弟弟也是。(我弟弟也不是。)

A: He used to have his further study abroad; B: so did I. (neither did I.)

A:他曾去国外深造过。B:我也去过。(我也没有。)

3

A: One of my friends can speak three foreign languages; B: so can his wife.(neither can his wife .)

A:我的一个朋友会说三门外国语。B:他的妻子也会。(他的妻子也不会。)

2.倒装可把前一句说到的人或物,或与前一句有联系的人或物在下一句紧接着先说出来,从而使前后两句在意思上的关系更加清楚,衔接更加紧密,起到承上启下的作用。

They broke into her uncle's bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake.

他们破门进入她叔叔的卧室,发现他躺在地板上死了。一条棕褐色的蛇缠在他头上。

We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.

我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。

三、 制造悬念,渲染气氛

在新闻或文学创作中,有时为了内容的需要,或是为了强调,作者常常运用倒装来制造悬念,渲染气氛。

如朗费罗(Longfellow)《雪花》中的一节:

Out of the bosom of the Air,

4

Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,

Over the woodlands brown and bare,

Over the harvest-fields forsaken,

Silent, and soft, and slow,

Descends the snow.

在这一节诗里,诗人就富有创意地运用了倒装。在前五行中,诗人堆砌了七个状语,状语连续出现而主语和谓语却迟迟未露,造成一种悬念效应。全节读罢,读者才对诗歌的主题恍然大悟,因而收到了不同凡响的艺术效果。

四、 平衡结构

英语修辞的一个重要原则是尾重原则,即把句子最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在语言使用中为了避免产生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句子,我们常采用倒装语序。

1. 以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时,为了使句子平衡,常将状语置于句首,句子用完全倒装语序。

A. On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities.

B. Some air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities.

5

地上放着一些空调,等着用船运到其他城市去。

从例句中可看出, 采用倒装语序的A句结构平衡稳妥,读起来自然流畅,而采用自然语序的B句结构零乱, 读起来也别扭。因而,在主语较长时就应采用倒装语序以取得理想的表达效果。

2. 以表语开头的句子:有时为了把较长的主语放在后面,须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。

Such would be our home in the future.

我们将来的家就是这个样子。

3. 以副词here , there开头的句子,也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。

Here is the letter you have been looking forward to.

你盼望已久的信在这儿。

五、 使描写生动

有时为了使叙述或描绘更加生动形象,增加语言效果,可将表示方向的副词(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或拟声词(bang, crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒装的语序(主语为人称代词的句子除外)。

Up went the rocket into the air.

嗖地一声火箭就飞上天了。

6

Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him.

当把手瞄准那个罪犯时,嘭地一下他就从三楼跳了下去。

以上句子简洁明快 ,生动逼真地描述了有关动作 ,令我们一览此类倒装的风采。但这种倒装句的修辞功能在语段中可以体现得更为清楚。

“Stop thief! Stop thief!” There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, Away they run, pell—mell, helter—skelter, yelling—screaming, ...

“Stop thief ! Stop thief !” The cry is taking by a hundred voices; Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens )

作者在第一段和第二段中分别用副词away, up和out位于句首引出四个倒装句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。从而制造出一种紧张、急促的气氛 ,生动地刻画了一个紧张、混乱的捉贼场面。

倒装是英语中一个重要的修辞手段。倒装句的使用丰富了我们的语言表达,了解并掌握倒装句各种句式的用法 , 不仅会提高我们对英语语言的欣赏能力 , 对英语表达能力的提高也将大有裨益。因此,写作中适当用一些倒装句式定会使文章表达更生动、有力

（一）倒装句的意义

1、适应一定的语法结构的需要，主要是指疑问句句型结构的需要。

e。g。 May I come in？

7

Was the People’s Liberation Army founded in 1927？

2、为了强调某一部分，而把这部分放到句首，构成倒装。

e。g。 Never have I been late for school this term。

So early did he come to school that no other students came。

（二）倒装的使用情况

1、在 “there be” 结构里，there是引导词，主语在be后。

e。g。 There is a box on the table。

2、在疑问句中。

e。g。 Is she singing in the classroom？

What does your mother do？

3、在here， there等副词开头的某些句子里（要用一般现在时态）。如果主语是人称代词，主语和主要动词的词序不变。（完全倒装）

e。g。 There goes the bell。

Here is an apple for you。

8

There she comes。

4、重复倒装句型，用在以so， nor， neither开头，表示谓语所述的情况也适用于另一个人或一事物的肯定或否定句中。so用于肯定句，表示“也一样”、“也这样”;nor， neither用于否定句，表示“同样也不，也不这样”。

e。g。 I am watching TV。 So is she。

My parents didn’t watch TV last night。 Neither （Nor） did I。

5、直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时，主句中的主谓也常直接倒装。（完全倒装）

e。g。 “Very well，” said the French student。

“Bring me two eggs and a cup of tea， please。” said he。

6、在以never， little， hardly， not only， few， not， seldom等否定副词开头的句子中，采用部分倒装。如不放在句首就不要倒装。

e。g。 Little did he say at the meeting。

Never shall I forget the day when I joined the Army。

比较：I shall never forget the day when I joined the Army。

7、用于以only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句的句子中。

9

e。g。 Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to wrk。

Only in this way can we learn English well。

注意：如果only后的词组不是状语，不需倒装。

e。g。 Only Wang Lili knows this。

8、为了表达生动，有时把表地点、方位的副词，如 up， down， out， away， in等放在句首，同时把谓语动词放在主语之前。若主语为人称代词，主语和谓语动词的位置不变，只将副词放在句首。（完全倒装）

e。g。 Away hurried the boy。

Out rushed the girl。

9、在虚拟结构中，条件从句的谓语含有were， had 和should这三个词是，可省去if，将这些词移至主语之前。

e。g。 Had I time （＝ If I had time）， I would go and help you。

Were I you （＝ If I were you）， I would go abroad。

Should he come （＝If he should come）， tell him to ring me up。

10、as引导让步状语从句时要倒装（形容词/ 副词/ 名词/ 动词 + as + 主语 + 谓语）。

10

e。g。 Proud as they are， they are afraid to see me。

Child as he is， he seems to know everything。（child前不加冠词）

Hard as he worded， he made little progress。

11、用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。

e。g。 May you succeed！

Long live the People’s Republic of China！

12、So + 形容词、副词及such 置于句首时要倒装。

So happy did he feel。 Such was me。

知识点剖析

一、完全倒装

1．用于there be句型

There are many students in the classroom. 教室里有很多学生。

2．句首状语引起完全倒装

用于“here（there，now，then）+不及物动词+主语”的句型中，或以out，in，up，down，

11

away等副词开头的句子里，以表示强调。例如：

①Here comes the bus. 车来了。

②There goes the bell. 铃响了。

③Now comes your turn. 该你的了。

④Out went the children. 孩子们出去了。

当代词作主语时，主谓语序不变。例如：

⑤Here it is. 在这儿。

⑥Here he comes. 他来了。

3．当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，也常常引起全部倒装

①South of the city lies a big steel factory. 城南有个大型钢铁厂。

②From the valley came a frightening sound. 山谷里传来了一阵吓人的声响。

4．表语置于句首时，倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”

1）形容词+连系动词+主语

Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other gues

12

ts. 出席会议的有怀特教授、史密斯教授以及其他的客人。

2）过去分词+连系动词+主语

Gone are the Days when they would Do what they liked. 他们可以随心所欲的日子过去了。

3）介词短语+be+主语

Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys. 这些东西里有圣诞树、花儿、蜡烛和玩具。

5．用于so，nor，neither开头的句子，表示重复前句部分内容，原句的谓语应与前句谓语的时态、形式相一致

①He has been to Beijing. So have I. 他去过北京，我也去过。

②Li Wei can't answer the question. Neither can I.李威回答不了这个问题，我也不能。

6．为了保持句子平衡或为了强调表语或状语，或使上下文紧密衔接时

①They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy. 他们来到了一个农舍，农舍前面坐着一个小男孩。

②Inside the classroom are the students and the teacher。

老师和学生在教室里。

13

二、部分倒装

1．用于疑问句

Do you speak English? 你说英语吗？

2．用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句

Had you reviewed your lessons, you might have passed the examination. 如果你复习了的话，你就会及格的。

3．用于“形容词（或名词、动词）+as（though）引导的让步状语从句中”

①Pretty as she is, she is not clever. 尽管她很漂亮，可她不聪明。

②Try as he could, he might fall again. 尽管他可以试一试，他还会掉下来。

4．用于否定词或短语开头的句型中

1）在用as（though）引导的让步状语从句中，如果主语较长，也可实行全部倒装。

Difficult as was the chemistry homework, it was finished in time. 尽管化学作业很难，还是及时完成了。

2）如果从句的表语是名词，其名词前不加任何冠词。

①Child as he was, he had to make a living. 尽管他还是个孩子，他不得不去谋生。

14

注：用于no sooner… than…，hardly… when和not until的句型中。

②Not until the teacher came Did he finish his homework. 直到老师来了，他才写完作业。

注：用于

never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, little, often, at no time, at no time, not only, not once等词开头的句子。

③Never shall I Do this again. 我再也不会这么做了。

④Little Did he know who the woman was. 他不太知道那个女的是谁。

3）用于only开头的句子（only后面跟副词、介词短语或状语从句）。

①Only this afternoon Did I finish the novel. 就是在今天下午我才看完这本小说。

②Only in this way can you master English.只有用这种方法你才能掌握英语。

③Only when he told me Did I realize what trouble he was in. 只有在他告诉我的时候，我才知道他的麻烦。

6）如果直接引语后注明引语是什么人说的，而且主语是名词时，用倒装结构；主语是代词时，一般不用倒装。

“Let's go,” said the man. “走啊，”那个男的说。

15

7）用于某些表示祝愿的句子。

May you succeed! 祝你成功！

1．Not until all the fish in the river Died ______ how serious the pollution was. （’95）

A．did the villagers realize

B．the villagers realize

C．the villagers Did realize

D．didn't the villagers realize

直到河里的鱼都死了，村民们才意识到污染有多严重。

分析 答案A。以否定词not开头的句子应该用倒装，答案可以在 A和 D中选择。“直到……”以 not until 开头，主句中应该用肯定。

2．Only by practicing a few hours every Day ______ be able to master the language. （’90）

A．you can B．can you

C．you will D．will you

16

只有通过每天几个小时的练习，你才能够掌握这门语言。

分析 答案D。含有only的状语从句用在句首时，要用倒装句，这样就选择 b或 D。 be able to通常不与can连用，所以答案为D。

3．So ______ that no fish can live in it. （’92）

A．the lake is shallow B．shallow the lake is

C．shallow is the lake D．is the lake shallow

这湖水太浅，鱼不能在此生存。

分析（C）。so 用来修饰shallow，选择是B或C。为了加强语气，把so 放在句首，句子要倒装，所以答案为C。本句的正常语序应是：The lake is so shallow that no fish can live in it.

4．Not until I began to work ______ how much time I had wasted. （’90）

A．didn't I realize B．did I realize

C．I Didn't realize D．I realize

只是到了开始工作时，我才意识到自己已浪费了多少时间。

分析 答案B。 not until放在句首，句子要倒装，选择 A和 b。not until中的 not实际上已以对主句否定，所以答案为 b。本句的正常语序是：I Didn't realize… until I began to work.

17

5．Not only ______ polluted but ______ crowded. （’91）

A．was the city; were the streets

B．the city was; were the streets

C．was the city; the streets were

D．the city was; the streets were

不仅城市受到污染，而且街道也拥挤不堪。

分析 答案C。 not only放在句首，第一个分句要倒装，选择A或C。但but的句子不需倒装，所以答案为C。

一、正错辨析

1．错：Not only he likes swimming but also his brothers Do.

正：Not only Does he like swimming but also his brothers Do.

凡以否定副词或词组放句首的句子都应该倒装。常见的否定副词有：hardly, scarcely, barely, never, not, rarely, nor, nowhere, neither, seldom, little, few。 常见的

否

定

副

词

词

组

有

：

not for the whole world, no longer, no more, no sooner, not for the life of me, least of all, 但no matter后的主谓语不倒装。

18

2．错：Often I have heard it said that he is a proud sportsman.

正：Often have I heard it said that he is a proud sportsman.

英文中许多表示时间（频度）、地点的副词放句首时按习惯都应该用倒装句。

3．错：There goes the bus. Here comes she.

正：There goes the bus. Here she comes.

以 there和here开头的句子，主语若是名词要用倒装句，主语若是人称代词则不要倒装。

4．错：Ill as he is, he can't go to school.

正：As he is ill, he can't go to school.

“as”只有引导让步状语从句时可以倒装。引导原因状语从句时倒装是错误的。下面各句中的从句都是让步状语从句：

Ill as he is, he still insists on（坚

持） going to school. Poor as she was, her will was strong.

5．错：You may return in safety and happiness!

正：May you return in safety and happiness!

may用来表示希望、祝愿时，常与其主语的位置颠倒，并且在may前面还可能出现形容词

19

或副词。如：Long may she live! （祝她长命百岁！）

二、应用举例

1．She is not fond of cooking, ______ I.

A．so am B．nor am

C．neither Do D．nor Do

分析 答案B。nor放在句首，句子要倒装，表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一个人。其句型是neither （nor）+be（have，助动词、情态动词）+ 主语。

2． Only in this way ______ progress in your English.

A．you make B．can you make

C．you be able to make D．will you able to make

分析 答案B。only所修饰的介词短语放在句首时，句子要倒装。

3． ______ , he doesn’t study well.

A．As he is clever B．He is as clever

C．Clever as he is D． As clever he is

20

分析 答案 C。 Clever as he is = Although he is clever, as用作从属连词引导让步状语从句时，常用倒装语序。

4．Not until the early years of the 19th century ————what heat is.

A．man Did know

B．man knew

C．didn't man know

D．did man know

分析 答案D。否定意义的副词not放在句首时要用倒装语序。

5．Look, ______ .

A．here the bus comes

B．here is the bus coming

C．here comes the bus

D．here the bus is coming

分析 答案C。以here或there等副词开头的句子要用倒装语序，以示强调。如果主语是代词，就不用倒装。

21

6． ______ , he knows a lot of things.

A．Child as he is B．Child as he is

C．A child as is he D． Child as is he

分析 答案 b。 Child as he is, = Although he is a child, as引导让步状语从句常用倒装语序。注意，单数名词放在句首，不用冠词。

7．Early in the morning ______ the news ______ the Chinese Team Defeated the Japanese Team.

A．comes; what B．came; that

C．comes; that D．came; what

分析 答案B。从句用倒装语序强调时间状语early in the morning, that引导同位语从句表明news的具体内容。

8．Not only ______ to stay at home, he was also forbidden to see his friends.

A．he was forcing B．he was forced

C．was he forcing D．was he forced

分析 答案 D。 not only放在句首时句子要倒装。

22

9．Hardly ______ Down ______ he stepped in.

A．I had sat; than B．I had sat; when

C．had I sat; then D．had I sat; when

分析 答案D。Hardly…when…是一个句型。当hardly放在句首时，句子要倒装。

10．No sooner ______ asleep than she heard a knock at the Door.

A．she had fallen B． had she fallen

C．she had felt D．had she felt

分析答案 b。 no sooner…than…是一句型。当no sooner放在句首时，句子要倒装。

11． ______ you were coming, I would have stayed at home.

A．If I knew B．Should I know

C．Had I known D．If I should have known

分析答案 C。 Had I known…= If I had known…是虚拟语气。条件从句中省略if，就需用倒装语序。

12．Out ______ , with an apple in his hand.

23

A．rushed the boy B．did the boy rushed

C．the boy rushed D．the boy Did rush

分析 答案A。在out, in等副词开头的句子里，用倒装语序以示强调。注意：主语是代词时，句子不倒装。

例如：In he came.

13． At the foot of the mountain ______ .

A．lie a beautiful lake

B．does a beautiful lake lie

C．lies a beautiful lake

D．do a beautiful lake lie

分析 答案 C。 At the foot of the mountain在句中作地点状语放在句首，句子要倒装。地点状语放在句首，而且之后跟着 come, lie, stand, walk等不及物动词时，常用倒装。整个动词放在主语之前，不用借助于do 或did, 这叫完全倒装

would rather的用法

一、would rather意思是“宁愿、宁可、更、最好、还是为好”，后接动词原形,常省略为’d rather，表示优先选择的一种方式

24

其否定形式是would rather not do sth。would rather没有人称和数的变化，所有的人称一律用would rather。

“would rather+动词原形”是英语中常见的一个惯用句式，美国英语中多用had rather。would (had)在此决无“过去”之意，它是一个情态助动词，且无词性、时态变化。

例 Mr. Li would rather not listen to rock music. 李先生不愿意听摇滚音乐。

If you’d rather be alone, we’ll all leave here. 如果你宁愿独自呆着，那我们都离开这儿。

He’d rather work in the countryside. 她宁可到农村去工作。

You would rather stay at home and do some reading this evening. 今晚你最好呆在家中读点书。

二、如果在两者中进行取舍，表示“宁愿……而不愿……，与其……宁可……”的意思时，则可用would rather…than…或would…rather than…的句型

例 I would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema. 我宁可在家看电视而不愿去看电影。

The children would walk there rather than take a bus. 孩子们宁愿步行去那里而不愿乘公共汽车。

请注意 1） would rather…than…/would…rather than…也可以颠倒为：rather than…would…。Would(rather)和than后都接不带to的动词不定式，若选用的动词相同，那

25

么than 后的动词可以省略。

例 I would rather have noodles than rice. 我宁愿吃面条也不吃米饭。

He would rather drink wine than beer． 他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。

Rather than work in such bad condition, he would give up. 与其在这样差的条件下工作，他宁愿放弃。

2)使用would rather…than…句型时要注意“平行结构”，即在than 的前后要用两个同类的词或词组，如两个名词、两个不定式、两个介词短语等。

例 I would rather go to work by bike than by bus. 我宁愿骑自行车也不愿乘公共汽车去上班。

I would rather talk with his mother than with his father. 我宁愿和他妈说话而不愿和他爸说话。

三、在疑问句式中，would rather 与would rather…than…中的would要放在主语之前

例 Would you rather stay here or go home? 你愿意呆在这里，还是回家？

Which would you rather have, apples or bananas? 你喜欢吃苹果还是香蕉？

Would you rather read a novel than read a poem? 你宁愿看小说而不愿朗读诗歌吗？

四、would rather+从句，是一个常用的虚拟语气句型 Would rather+从句,谓语一般用过

26

去时来表示现在或将来。其意为“宁愿……,还是…… 好些”“一个人宁愿另一个人做某事”。引导从句的that常省略。在谈到过去的动作时，谓语则用过去完成时。

例 John wants to see me today. I would rather he came to tomorrow than today. 约翰今天想去看我。我宁愿他明天来看我而不是今天。(句中came不是表示过去而是表示将来)

We’d rather he paid us the money tomorrow. 我们宁愿他明天付给我们那笔钱。

Don’t come tomorrow. I’d rather you came next weekend. 明天别来。我希望你下周末来。

请注意 1） 如果谈到过去的动作，也就是表示过去已经发生的事情在选择上不恰当。此时，主句一般为I had rather ,其（that）从句则用过去完成时。 例 Would rather you had not done that. 我真希望你没有做那件事。

2）如果只涉及主语本人而不涉及另一个人，则would rather之后不接that从句而接have done结构。

例 I would rather have gone to the theatre than stayed home night. 我真希望昨天晚上去看了戏而不是呆在家里。 He would rather be poor than have got money by dishonest methods． 他宁可穷也不愿意用不诚实的手段获取金钱。

Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does．亨利希望他的女朋友和他在一个部门工作。

五、would rather/sooner和prefer/would prefer的区别 would rather和would sooner之间一般没有区别，但经常接触到的是would rather。

27

例Tom would rather/sooner read than talk． 汤姆宁可读书而不愿谈天。 Tom prefers reading to talking．汤姆喜欢读书而不喜欢谈天。

请注意 1）would rather后跟不带to的不定式+than+不带 to的不定式，而prefer后跟动名词+to+动名词。有时prefer后面也可跟名词，而在would rather之后要求只带动词原形。

例 He prefers wine to beer．= He would rather drink wine than beer． 他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。

I prefer tennis to golf．= I’d rather play tennis than golf． 我喜欢打网球而不喜欢打高尔夫球。 2）某些 prefer+名词的情况不能用 would rather完全确切地表达出来：He prefers dogs to cats．（他喜欢狗而不喜欢猫。）和 He would rather have dogs than cats．（他宁可养狗而不愿养猫。）很明显，这两句的意思并不完全相同。

3） would rather+不带to的不定式有时可代替 would prefer+带 to的不定式。

例 I’d rather fly than go by sea．=I’d prefer to fly． 我宁愿乘飞机也不愿乘船。

这两个结构后面带名词时情况也一样：

例 —Would you like some gin？

—I’d prefer a coffee．=I’d rather have coffee than gin．

—您想喝点杜松子酒吗？

—我想喝点咖啡。/我想喝点咖啡，不想喝杜松子酒。

28

4）would rather/sooner和would prefer后面都可跟完成式，但后者带to。

例 We went by sea but I’d rather have gone by air=I’d prefer to have gone by air． 我们是乘船去的，可我本想乘飞机去。（我愿意乘飞机去，可我的愿望未能实现。）这和 would like+不定式的完成式有点相似，would like+带to 的不定式的完成式也表示未能实现的愿望。

英语当中表示看的单词有很多，诸如see, look, watch, observe, notice, stare, glare, glance, etc.

see看见，看到，强调结果，没有进行时have you seen the beautiful bird?

look看，强调动作。look! there is a beautiful bird.

watch盯着看，延续性动词，观看（比赛，电视，电影等活动的影像），监视，当心（watch out for）

they watched the train until it disappeared in the distance.

observe用眼睛认真地观察，尤其用于试验或研究等场合。the birdwatcher observed the behavior of the birds.

notice注意到，察觉到，偶尔看到细小但可能是重要的事情。sorry, i didn't notice you.

Stare stare at“凝视，瞪眼”常由吃惊好奇引起 It is rude to stare at people like that.

She likes sitting in dark and staring at the stars in the sky.

29

glance(at)瞥一眼 He was afraid it might be too late to meet his friends and glanced at his watch.

glare (at) 怒目而视 Mother was very angry when she knew her son had told a lie and glared at him.

1．语法形式上的一致。主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式

Jane and Mary look healthy and strong．

The number of mistakes was surprising．

2．意义上一致

1) 主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复

The crowd were running for their lives．

单数形式表示复数意义的词有people，police，cattle，militia等。

2)主语形式为复数而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。 例如：

The news was very exciting．

形复意单的单词有news，works(工厂)和一些以ics结尾的学科名．称，如physics，politics，mathematics等。

30

3．就近原则。即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or，either…or，neither...nor，not only…but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。

Either your students or Mr. Wang knows this．

4．应注意的几个问题。

A)名词作主语

1)某些集体名词(如family，team等)作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式；如果就其中一个个成员而言，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：

The whole family are watching TV•

His family is going to have a long journey．

这类名词有：audience，class，club，committee，company， crew，crowd，enemy，government，group，party，public，team，etc.

名词population一词的使用情况跟上述类似。例如：：

The population in China is very large，and eighty percent of the population in China are farmers.

“a group(crowd)of+复数名词”等短语之后的谓语动词也同样可用单数或复数，前者强调整体，后者强调各个部分。

31

2)某些集体名词(如people，police，cattle，militia等)只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。例如：

The police are searching for him．

3)单、复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。例如：

A sheep is over there,

Some sheep are over there．

4)名词所有格之后的名词被省略的情况一般只指商店、工场、住宅等，作主语时，动词一般用单数。例如：

My Uncle\\'s is not far from here．

The doctor\\'s is on the side of the street．

常见的省略名词有：the baker\\'s，the barber\\'s，the carpenter\\'s，the Zhang\\'s，etc,

表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待，但用作主语时，谓语 动词往往用复数。例如：

Richardson\\'s have a lot of leather goods to sell．

5)当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式。例如：

32

Five minutes is enough to do this exercise．

The Selected Poems of Li Bai was published long ago．

Three years has passed．

6)不定代词each，every，no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多个并列主语，谓语动词仍用单数形式。例如：

Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in the future．

7)如果主语有more than one...或many a…构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。

Many a ship has been damaged in the storm．

More than one student has seen the film，

是，在“more+复数名词+than one\\'’结构之后，谓语词一般用复数形式。例如：

More members than one are against your plan．

8)一些由两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具主语时；谓语通常用复数形式，如scissors，chopsticks，compasses，shoes，trousers，clothes，glasses等。但如果主语由“a kind of ，a pair of，a series of等加名词”构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。例如：

A pair of shoes was on the desk .

33

9)this kind of book=a book of this kind(这种书)，其谓语用单数；短语this kind of men=men of this kind=these kinds of men(口语)(这一类人)，但this kind of men的谓语用单数，

men of this kind和these kinds of men的谓语用复数。all kinds of后跟复数名词，谓语用复数形式。例如：

Men of this kind are dangerous．

This kind of men is dangerous．

10)复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则，作单数意义时，谓语用单数；反之，谓语用复数。这类名词有means(方法)，works(工厂)，species(种类)，Chinese，Japanese等。例如：

The (This) glass works was set up in l970．

(这家玻璃厂建于1970年。)

The(These)glass works are near the railway station．

(这些玻璃厂在火车站附近。)

当它们前面有a，such a，this，that修饰时，谓语用单数；有all，such，these，those修饰时，谓语用复数。但“means\\\"，“no means\\\"，“the means\\\"等词前没有以上修饰词时，可作单数，也可用作复数。

34

注：work作“工作”解时是不可数名词，作“著作”解时是可数名词，有单复数之分。

11)如果名词词组中心词是all，most；half，rest，part等词语，表示的是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式；反之，用单数。例如：

All of the water is gone。

All of my classmates work hard．

12)在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：

Between the two windows hangs a picture．

B)由连接词连接的名词作主语

13)用and或both...and连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。例如：

Walking and riding are good exercises．

Plastics and rubber never rot．

但是，并列主语如果指的，是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用：单数形式，这时，and后面的名词没有冠词。例如：

A knife and fork is on the table．

Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit．

35

The girl\\'s teacher and friend is a young doctor．

Truth and honesty is the best policy。

14)当主语后面跟有as well as，as much as，no less than, along with，with, like，rather than，together with，but，except，besides，including，in addition to等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。例如：

The room with its furniture was rented．

The teacher as well as the students was excited．

15)以or，either...，neither...nor，not only…but also等连接的名词(代词)作主语，谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。例如：

Neither you nor I nor anybody else knows anything about it

Either you or he is to go．

Tom or his brothers are waiting in the room．

C)代词作主语．’

16)名词型物主代词后的动词，既可以用单数，也可以用复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。例如：

Ours(Our Party) is a great party．

36

our shoes are black，mine (=my shoes) are brown．

17)such，the same起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。例如：

Such are his words．Such is our plan．

8)关系代词who，that，which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。例如：

Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun．

Those who want to go please you’re your names here．

19)疑问代词who，：what, which作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单复数。例如：

What produce(s)heat?

Which is (are) your book(s)?

Who live next door? It is Zhang and Liu．

Who lives next door? It is Xiao Liu．

20)不定代词．any，either，neither，none，all some，more等作主语时，有以下两种情况：

37

①单读用作主语时，视其在文中的意义，动词可用单数或复数形式。例如：

All are present．let\\'s begin the meeting．

Now all has been changed．

either，neither单独作主语时，谓语通常用单数。

②后接of时，若of的宾语为不可数名词，动词当然用单数形式；若of的宾语为复数名词或代词，动词可以是单数，也可以是复数；在正式文体中，单数形式的动词更常用。

None of them has(have)seen the film．

Do (es) any of you know his address?

D)分数、量词作主语

21)某数词单纯表示数字作主语时，其谓语动词通常用单数形式，但是当基数词表示的不是数值而是数量时，谓语动词可用复数形式。例如：

The billion is a large number．

Twelve were boys.

英语中算术式作主语时，若是减法或除法算术式，谓语通常用单数形式；若是加法和乘法，谓语动词有时也可用复数形式。例如：

38

Three times five is/are fifteen．

Two and (plus) two is/are four.

Twelve divided by four is three．

Three taken from eight leaves five．

在提问加、减、乘、除得数时，如用how much，谓语动词多用单数形式；如用how many，谓语动词多用复数形式。例如：

How many are two times five?

How much is eight divided by two?

22)．“分数或百分数+of+名词”构成短语，以及由“some，a lot of，lots of，plenty of，a(1arge)quantity of，the rest of，a heap of，heaps of+名词”构成短语时，其名词可以是可数名词或不可数名词。作主语时，采取就近一致的原则，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中of后面的名词是中心词，而名词前面的量词是修饰语。例如：

A quantity of blouses were on sale．

A large quantity of beer was sold．

Plenty of English books are on the shelf．

Lots of damage was caused by fire．

39

Three-fifths of the workers here are women．

About three-fourths of the earth\\'s surface is covered with water．

23)A(great)number of，many；a few修饰可数复数名词，

其短语作主语时，谓语动词用复数；a little，much，a great deal of，a large amount of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如： ；

A large amount of(A great deal of)damage was done in a very short time．

A great deal of trouble lies before us．

A number of students have gone to the countryside to help

with the autumn harvest．

24)(large)quantities of修饰可数

复数名词或不可数名词其短语作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。例如：

Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table．

Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge．

25)The number+可数复数名词，the amount of+不可数名词，the quantity of+可数复数名词或不可数名词构成的短语，作主语时，谓语动词用单数，例如：

40

The amount of money is great.

The quantity of heat in the office has not been increased．

The quantity of books in the library is amazing．

The number of students in our school is increasing．

26)表示数量的one and a half 后，名词要用复数形式。但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：

One and a half bananas is left on the table.

27)half of，(a)part of修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数；修饰可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。

E)名词化的形容词作主语，

28)如果主语由“the+形容词或过去分词)”结构充当时。谓语通常用复数。这类词有；the brave，the poor，the rich，

the blind，the young，the old, the sick，the dead，the deaf and dumb，the oppressed，the injured, the wounded, the unemployed等；但也有少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别，则用单数。例如：

The departed(死者) was a well-known engineer．

41

The blind study in special schools．

这类形容词或分词如果要表示个体时，就要与名词／man，person或表示人的单数连用。如：all old man，a rich person，the(a)wounded soldier

F)从句作主语

29)由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数；所指的具体内容若是复数意义，谓语动词一般用复数形式。例如：

What we need are doctors．

What we need is more time．

30）在复数名词引导的从句结构中，关系代词的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是，因此，从句中的动词应该是复数形式。例如：

This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked.

但是，当之前有等修饰时，关系代词的先行词是，而不是靠近它的复数名词，因此从句的动词应是单数形式。例如；

she was the only one of the girls who was late for the meeting.

反意疑问句用法完全归纳

一、基本用法与结构

42

反意疑问句由“陈述句+简略疑问句”两部分组成，第一部分提出一种看法，第二部分用来质疑或表示证实。陈述部分与疑问部分的动词时态和动词性质应保持一致，而且肯定和否定形式彼此相反，即陈述部分为肯定式时，疑问部分用否定式，陈述部分为否定式时，疑问部分用肯定式：

He likes English, doesn’t he? 他喜欢英语，是吗？

He doesn’t like English, does he? 他不喜欢英语，是吗？

【注】1. 若陈述部分含有seldom, hardly, never, few, nothing等否定词或半否定词，其疑问部分要用肯定式：

He has few friends here, has he? 他在这儿几乎没什么朋友，是吗？

She said nothing, did she? 她什么也没说，是不是？

2. 若陈述部分含有带否定前缀的词，疑问部分仍用否定式：

It is unfair, isn’t it? 这不公平，不是吗?

It is impossible, isn’t it? 那是不可能的，是吗?

二、反意疑问句的主语问题

1. 基本原则：疑问部分的主语应与陈述部分主语一致，且只能是代词：

误：Mary is a nurse, isn’t Mary?

43

正：Mary is a nurse, isn’t she? 玛丽是护士，对吗？

2. 当陈述部分为为there be句型时，疑问部分仍用there作“主语”：

There was nothing in the room, was there? 房间里什么也没有，是吗？

3. 当陈述部分的主语是指示代词时，疑问部分用it, they等代词：

That is a new car, isn’t it? 这是一辆新汽车，是吗?

4. 当陈述部分的主语是复合不定代词时，若陈述部分的主语为somebody, someone, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody等复合不定代词，其反意疑问句的主语在正式文体中用he，在口语或非正式文体中通常用they：

Nobody was late, were they? 没有一个人迟到，是吗?

当陈述部分的主语是 something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词时，其反意疑问句的主语要用it：

Everything is ready, isn’t it? 一切都准备好了吗？

Nothing is important, is it? 没有什么重要的，不是吗?

三、陈述部分有动词have的反意疑问句

1. 当 have 为助动词时，其反意疑问句沿用同样的助动词：

44

He has already left, hasn’t he? 他已经离开了，是吗?

2. 当 have 为实意动词时，要分两种情况：

① 若表示“所有”，反意疑问句可以用have，也可以用do：

He has a lot of friends here, hasn’t [doesn’t] he? 他在这儿有许多朋友，是吗？

但是若陈述部分用的是have的否定式，反意疑问句用have 还是用do，取决于陈述部分的动词形式：

He hasn’t any money, has he? 他没有钱，是吗?

He doesn’t have any money, does he? 他没有钱，是吗?

② 若表示“吃”、“玩”等意思，反意疑问句要用do：

He has supper at 5, doesn’t he? 他5点吃晚餐，是吗?

He had a good time at the party, didn’t he? 他在晚会上玩得很开心，是吗?

3. 当用于have to时，通常也有两种可能：若表示经常性的行为，则多用加助动词do的形式；若表示特定的行为，则多用have：

He often has to get up early, doesn’t he? 他经常要早起，是吗?

He has to go to bed late tonight, hasn’t he? 他今晚要迟睡，是吗?

45

四、含情态动词的反意疑问句

1. 基本原则：在通常情况下，当陈述部分含有情态动词时，疑问部分会重复前面同样的情态动词：

He can speak English, can’t he？他会说英语，是吗？

We shouldn’t go, should we? 我们不应该去，对不对？

2. 当陈述部分含有must时，要分两种情况：

① 若must表示“必须”或“有必要”，疑问部分用 mustn’t 或needn’t：

You must leave at once, mustn’t [needn’t] you? 你必须(有必要)马上离开，是吗?

但是若陈述部分有mustn’t表示禁止，疑问部分要must：

You mustn’t laugh, must you? 你不准笑，知道吗?

② 若must表示推测，疑问部分不能用must，而应根据must后的动词结构采用相应的动词形式：

He must be tired, isn’t he? 他一定累了，是吗?

3 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。

We need not do it again, need we ?

46

He dare not say so, dare you?

当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。

She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?

He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?

4 含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。

He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?

5 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用don't +主语（didn't +主语）。

We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?

6 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。

He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?

7 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?

You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?

8 陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。

47

He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?

9 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。

You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?

10 感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。

What colors, aren't they?

What a smell, isn't it?

11 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。

Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?

五、陈述部分为祈使句的反意疑问句

1. 基本原则：若陈述部分为祈使句，疑问部分通常用will you：

Please help us, will you? 请帮帮我们，好吗？

Come with us, will you? 同我们一起去，好吗？

Don’t forget to post the letter, will you? 请别忘了寄信。

48

2. 当祈使句为Let’s…时，疑问部分总是用 shall we：

Let’s go there together, shall we? 我们一起去，好吗?

Let’s sit under the tree, shall we? 咱们就坐这树下吧，好不好？

3.当祈使句为Let us时，若表示请求，疑问部分用will you，若表示建议疑问部分用shall we：

Let us know your address, will you? 请把你的地址告诉我们，好吗?

Let us go swimming together, shall we? 我们一起去游泳好吗?

六、陈述部分为主从复合句的反意疑问句

1. 当陈述部分为主从复合句时，疑问部分一般应与主句保持一致：

He said that he didn’t like it, didn’t he? 他说他不喜欢它，是不是？

He knows where I live, doesn’t he? 他知道我住什么地方，是不是？

2. 当陈述部分为I think (believe, suppose) that...等时，疑问部分通常与从句保持一致(注意否定的转移)：

I think that it is too short, isn’t it? 我认为它太短了，对不对(它太短吗)?

I don’t think he will come, will he? 我认为他不会来，对吗(他会来吗)?

49

【注】这类用法主要限于主语为第一人称且think等动词为一般现在时的情形。

七、几种特殊情况的反意疑问句

1. 当陈述部分是I’m…时，疑问部分通常用aren’t I：

I’m wrong, aren’t I? 我错了，是吗?

I’m older than you, aren’t I? 我年纪比你大，对不对？

2. 当陈述部分是I wish…时，疑问部分通常用may I：

I wish to go with them, may I? 我想同他们一起去，可以吗？

3. 当陈述部分有had better时，疑问部分用had：

He’d better leave here, hadn’t he? 他最好离开这儿，是吗？

50