姓名:杨恒申请学位级别:硕士专业:外国语言学及应用语言学
指导教师:魏万德
20071101
武汉理r=大学硕士学位论文摘要自改革开放以来,教育在世界范围内的重视达到了空前的高度。作为教育的最初级阶段,家庭教育不论在理论还是实践上都取得了重大进步。家庭教育实践的丰富,既为家庭教育理论研究提供了经验,也对家庭教育的研究提出了更高的要求。随着中国经济的快速发展与独生子女家庭数量的不断增加,越来越多的家庭教育问题出现了。众多教育学者在进行理论探究的同时,都试图参照西方发达国家家庭教育的经验来解决我们的家庭教育问题。其中美国是个很好的参照物。自二十世纪八十年代以来,关于中美家庭教育的比较就一直方兴未艾。它们从经济、政治、历史、文化和宗教各方面都作了深入的研究,但基本上都是对两国家庭教育的差异性研究。本文以对此项研究的重要性及研究方法的简要介绍开始,第一章介绍了有关概念以及本文研究的理论依据,着重强调文化与家庭教育的相互关系。第二章介绍了本文的研究意义和研究方法。第三章侧重文化方面对两国的家庭教育进行了历史背景、经济形态和文化传统方面的差异性分析。胡文伸说过,“文化是习得和代代相传的。哪怕在不同的地区,来自不同的国家,人类的文化根基在本质上都是相似的。”因此第四章作为本文的创新点,对两国家庭教育的相似性作了初步的探究。最后作者得出结论,相似性同样也是跨文化研究的基础,并对中国的家庭教育提出了自己的一点建议。关键词:跨文化研究,家庭教育,比较教育学,相似性比较壁堡里!:叁兰堡±竺堡笙壅AbstractSincetheReformandOpening-up,theworldwideconcerningwitheducationhasbeenuptoanunprecedentedlevel.Astheprimarystageofeducation,familybothineducationhasbeengreatlydevelopedpracticeandtheory.Theincreasingtoitspracticeputsoffamilyeducationofferstherichrequirementsaexperiencetheoreticalstudyandforwardhigheraswell.Underthesocietywithrapidlyeconomicdevelopmentandproblemsaboutlargescaleofonly-child—families,inChinamanyfamilyeducationhavebeenemerging.Meanwhileexploringtheeducationaltheories,manyeducatorsattempttosolvetheseproblemsbyreferringtothefamilyeducationsystemsofdevelopedcountries.TheoneofAmericanfamiliesisanappropriatereference.Sine1980s,thecomparisonsbetweenthefamilyeducationsoftwocountriesfromtheaspectsofcultureandofthemareeconomy,politics,history,religionarecomingintheendlessstream.However,themostfractionsinclinedtotheothernessresearch.Thethesisbeginswithabriefintroductiontotheresearchwithsomesignificanceandasmethod.ChapterIisconcernedtotheoreticalissues,suchtermsandconceptsrelevanttheculture,thefamilyeducationandCROSS‘culturalandcommunication,emphasizingrelationshipsbetweenculturefamilyeducation.ChapterChapterIIIistheIIistheresearchofthesignificanceandresearchmethodology.comparisonondifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericanfamilyeducationthehistoricalbackground,economicpatternaspects,layingthespecialemphasis“Cultureisonculturaldifferences.AsHuWenzhonghasremarkedinlearnedandtransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.Althoughdifferentareas,belongingtodifferentnations,thebeingsisessentiallythesis,triestoculturalgroundworkofhumansimilar.”(1988;210)SoChapterIV,theoriginalpartsofthiscomparethefamilyeducationsimilaritiesofbothcountries.Finally,ChapterVIdrawsthestudyconclusionthatsimilarityisthefoundationofcross。culturalandoffersSomesuggestionstoimproveChinesefamilyeducation.Ⅱ武汉理I.大学硕十学位论文KeyWords:cross—culturesimilaritystudyfamilyeducationcomparativepedagogycomparisonHI独创性声明本人声明,所呈交的论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。尽我所知,除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果,也不包含为获得武汉理工大学或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中明确的说明并表示了谢意。签名:盐!瞳日期:塑Z:!!:立!关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解武汉理工大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,即学校有权保留、送交论文的复印件,允许论文被查阅和借阅:学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容,可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保持论文。(保密论文在解密后应遵守此规定)签名:盘!选导师签名:丛堡里!:盔望堡±兰垡堡奎IntroductionChinaisacountrywithlonghistory,splendidcivilizationandrichculturalwhichthefamilyeducationtheoryisindispensable.Earlyintheheritance,amongWei,JinandNorthernandSouthernDynasties,thefirstseriesoffamilyeducationourmonographsappeared.Astimegoesby,theraisingoflivinglevelhaswakenawarenessoffamilyeducation'simportance.SincetheReformhasbeenuptoandOpening-up,theworldwideconcerningwitheducationanunprecedentedlevel.Astheprimarystageofeducation,familyintheoryTheeducationhasbeengreatlydevelopedbothinpracticeandincreasingpracticeoffamilyeducationofferstherichexperiencetOitsstudyandputsforwardhigherrequirementsrapidlyeconomicdevelopmentandaastheoreticalwell.Underthesocietywithlargescaleofonly—child—families,inChinamanyproblemsaboutfamilyeducationhavebeenemerging.Meanwhileexploringtotheeducationaltheories,manyeducatorsattemptreferringtothesolvetheseproblemsbyfamilyeducationsystemsofdevelopedcountries.ManyandAmericanfamilyChineseeducatorshaveachievedmuchintheChineseeducationcomparativefield.(赵忠心,《中国教育五千年》,2003;杨宝忠,《大教育视野中的家庭教育》,2003;杨志华,《文化价值观视野中的家庭教育》,20041Thecomparisonsreligionetc.aredetailedoneconomy,politics,culture,history,geographyandOnthesescholars’shoulders,thisthesisisconcernedwiththeChineseandAmericanfamilyeducationcomparisonontheculturalaspect,notonlyincludingthedifferencesandalsothesimilarities.YangBaozhonghasremarkedinfluencedbythethat“Whileculture,educationisthevitalmeansvaluesofinheriting,developingandcreatingculture.’’DifferentculturalbetwcenChinesebothandAmericandeterminethedifferencesofobjects,aims,contentsofcountries’familyeducation.WhilemostresearchersstressingonthedifferencesofAmericanandChinese武汉理I:大学硕十学位论文familyeducationinordertoimproveoursbythereferenceofAmericanone,theonsimilaritiesofthemarousedmyinterest.AfterreadingdozensofbookscomparisonsofChineseandAmericanfamilyeducation,meanwhilesuperioritiesofthewesternfamilyeducationsystem,Ialntheaffirmingthetheessenceamazedbyoftraditionalfamilyeducation.AsHuWenzhonghasremarked‘‘Cultureislearnedandtransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.Althoughindifferentbelongingtoessentiallylimiteddifferentnations,theculturalgroundworkareas,ofhumanbeingsissimilar.”(1988;210)Inthethisthesis,1haveattemptedbytooffermyownsuggestionsaboutChinesefamilyeducationthesimilaritiescomparisonofChineseandAmericanfamilyeducation.Thisthesisisdividedintofivechapters.ChapterIisconcernedwithsometheoreticaleducationissues,suchandastermsandconceptsrelevanttotheculture,familytherelationshipsandcross—culturalcommunication,emphasizingbetweencultureandfamilyeducation.ChapterIIisresearchmethodology.ChapterIIIisthedifferenceAmericanfamilytheresearchsignificancecomparisononofChineseanddifferences.theeducationoriginallayingspecialemphasistheculturalcompareChapter1Visthepartsofthisthesis,tryingtofamilyeducationsimilaritiesofthatsimilarityisthebothcountries.Finally.,ChapterV1drawsfoundationoftheconclusionofferssomecross—culturalstudyandsuggestionstoimproveChinesefamilyeducation.2武汉理I:大学硕十学位论文ChapterITheoreticalFoundations1.1AboutcultureTobeginwith,itisverynecessarytodefinetheterm“culture”clearlysothatthereadersmayeasilyfollowwhatthetermincludeswhenwetalkaboutthecuhureandfamilyeduction.Althoughdefiningthebeenaterm‘‘culture’’hasalwaysverydifficulttask.DifferentscholarsfromdifferentfieldsAccordingtoperceiveitdifferently.ascultural—sociology,cultureisdefinedthesharedpatternsofbehaviorsandinteractions,cognitiveconstructs,andaffectiveunderstandingthatarelearnedthrouIghaaprocessofsocialization.Thesesharedpatternsidentifythewhilealsodistinguishingthoseofanothergroup.asmembersofculturegroup“Mostsocialscientiststodayviewculturesymbolic,ideationalconsistingprimarilyofthesocieties.TheandintangibleaspectsofhumanCSSCnceofacultureisnotitsartifacts,tools,orothertangibleculturalelementsbuthowtheisthevalues,symbols,membersofthegroupinterpret,use,andperceivethem.Itthatdistinguishoneinterpretations,andperspectivesinpeoplefromanothermodernizedsocieties;itisnutmaterialobjectsandothertangibleaspectsofhumansocieties.Peoplewithinaculturalusuallyinterpretthemeaningofsymbols,orartifacts,andbehaviorsinthesameinsimilarways.”一Banks,J“-.,ABanks,&McGee,C.A.(1989)Multicultural“Culture:learnedandsharedEducationO.121)orhumanpatternsmodelsforliving;day・to-dayoflivingpatterns.Thesepatternsandmodelspervadeanaspectsinteraction.Culturalismankind’sprimaryadaptivehumansocialmechanism.''--Damen。LClassroom.0.(1987).Culture367)Learning:TheFifthDimensionOntheLanguage“Cultureisthesharedknowledgeandschemescreatedbyasetofpeopleforperceiving,interpreting,expressing,andrespondingtothesocialrealitiesaroundPeace:Conflictthem.”一Lederaeh。J.P.(x995)Preparingfor3transformationacross武汉理J:大学硕士学位论文cultures.(p.9)However,theterm‘‘culture’’isgenerallyregardedtobecarryingtwodifferentmeaningsinourmodemsense.Oneisthenarrowdefinitionofculture,referringtosomethingartisticoracademic.Thiscategoryofculturecallbefurtherdividedinto“highculture”,referringSOtoliterature,history,geography,education,sciences,todrama,andmusicandon,and“popularculture”referringentertainmentandeverydaypleasureforthemass.AccordingtoChastain(1976:388).thisandcontributionsofacategoryofcultureorfocusesofonthemajorproductssocietyingeneraloutstandingCindividualsinthatculture”,suchassociety.Withthethisapproach,weoftenrefertothe‘‘largeeconomic,politicalandsocialhistoryandthegreatstatements,heroes,writers,artistic,etc.ofthecountry.TheotheristhebroaddefinitionofcultureoranthropologicalCdefinitionofculture,referringtothewayoflifeofapeople,labeledas“smallculture”,andsociety.Thecontainingthewaysofthinking,habits,customs,traditions,etcofa“culture”inthisarticlemostlybelongstothiscategory.1.2AboutfamilyeducationL2.1Thedefinitionoffamilyeducation“FamilyeducationistheeducationthatisgivenconsciouslytotheissuesbytheparentsorolderperSOnsinthefamily.”一《中国大百科全书教育》p.140“Itisthemutualinfluenceoreducationbetweenthefamilymembers.especiallytheeducationparentsgivetotheissues.”~《教育大辞典》顾明远P.381“Itisthepurposefulinfluenceinthefamily,nomatterparentsissuesonOntheissues,theparents,theelderontheyoungerortheyoungerontheyounger.”~《家庭教育学》赵忠心p.5Actuallyfamilyeducationisaconceptwiththerichlifelonginfluenceconnotationandwidefamilydenotation.Itisthecontinuousandbetweenthe4武汉理I:人学硕十学位论文members.Itincludestheself-consciousinfluenceonorunself-conscious,tangibletheorintangibleofsocialmultilevel,aswellasnon—subjectinfluencecircumstance,lifestyleandenvironment.1.2.2TheessentialattributeoffamilyeducationEssentiallyfamilyeducationisthespontaneousandlifelongeducationprocesswhichisinvolvinginthefamilylifeandbasedonthemaritalrelations,bloodtiesandadoptiverelationship.1.2.3ThecharacteristicsoffamilyeducationFamilyisthefirstaswellasthelastschoolofmankind.Fromenteringlifewithcrytofarewell,everypersonispursuingtheactivitiesconsciousoreducationandundereducationunconsciouslyduringthewholelife.Theeducationfromfamilyimpactstheindividualsmostdeeplyandlastlongest.Notliketheschoolwhichistheeducationalinstitution,familyisa“specialschool”,therefore,thefamilyeducationhasitsowncharacteristics.1.2.3.1ThebroadrangeofInthefamilyeducationtotaketheresponsibilityofhumansociety,everypersonwasborninthecertainfamily.Ineachfamily,everycoupleaslongastheyhavechildoughteducation;everyspecialfamilyAnyhow,thereoryoungsterissupposedtobeeducatedbytheold.Evenintheinthespecialtime,theeducationdoesexistwithoutexception.howmanyfamilies;thereatateSoaremanyeducationplacesandsomanyeducators.Notlimitedhome,theclassroomoffamilyeducationistheplacewherethefamilymembersgetaletogether.Meanwhile,thecontentandmethodsoffamilyeducationbroadtoo.1.2.3.2BasedontheaffectionamongfamilymembersThebloodtiesinisafamilyeducationdiffertotallyfromthestudent—teacheronrelation.Familysocialformconstructingthemaritalandbloodties.Thebloodtiesalethemostemotionalandclosestconnectionsbetweenhumanbeingswhichfollowsthewholeprocessoffamilyeducationthroughoutasthemeridian5武汉理I:人学硕十学伉论文throIIghthehumanbody.1.2.3.3ThefusionoffamilyeducationandlivingFamilyeducationprocessesinthefamilydailylifespontaneously.Itinter-infiltrateswithfamilylifeall・dimensionally.Itscontentandformthechangesoffamilylifeconvertasanddevelopmentofeducatees.Beingborn,livinginthefamily,theyoungisinfluencedbyeachdetailoffamilylife.Notonlymerelythis,otherfactorssuchasfamilystructure,parents’vocations,economiccondition,onfamilyoftheatmosphere,livinghabitsandinterestsgivegreatimpactyoung’Spersonality,interestsandmoralitydirectlytheformationorindirectly.Justbecauseofthehighlyconfusionoffamilyeducationandliving,theinfluenceofcanfamilyeducationbecomescontinuous,duringwhichtheyoungacquirevaluesthatshapetheiraspirations,theirthinking,mentalityeffectsareandtheirspirituality.Thenotimmediately,butverydeepandwide.1.2.3.4Thewide-ragingcontentoffamilyeducationAlthoughtheteachingcontentoffamilyeducationdoesnotcontaincontenttheascompleteplanandthesystemic,comprehensiveteachingSOtheschooleducation,itisAsthecellsocialrichthatconcludesthewholeknowledgeinvolvinginthelife.andminiatureofsociety,familyperformsfamilythecomplicatedandvariededucationshowseveryday.Consequently,theahasthesamecharacteristics.Familyislikelifesch001.wheretheyoungistaughtthelivingskillsspeaking,walking,etc;familyisapoliticalskills,etc;familyschool,wheretheyoungistaughtthesocialknowledgelikephilosophy,morality,regulationsofconduct,socialtheyoungispoise,interpersonaltaughttheseasonsisalsoascienceschool,whererevolving,weatherchanges,creatures’livingrules,etc.ofWhereforethecontentfamilyeducationiscomprehensivelybroad.1.2.3.5Thediversifiedf01-msoffamilyeducationFamilyeducationisnotlimitedbythetextbook,classroom,teachingplan,teachingaim,etc.astheschooleducation.Withoutfixedmodality,itisabletoperformatanytimeandanyplace.Italwayshappensintheresting,entertaining,6堕堡里!;查兰堡主堂堡丝塞talking,cleaning,shopping,visiting,traveling,etc.Evengesturearealook,allexpression,aalltheformsofit.1.2.3.6TherepeatabilityoffamilyeducationFamilyeducationrepeatsdaybydayasthefamilylife.Thischaracteristicisandsuitablefortheyoungtoacquiremorality,masterskillsknowledge,andhabitsandpersonality,thedeveloptheintellect.Sincetheformationoflivingtrainingofskillsallrequiresrepeatabilityandalongtime.1.2.3.7ThelifelongfamilyeducationThesocializationofindividualisasystemicprojoct,whichcancouldnotbewithoutthefamily.Nomatterhowold,theeducation.Thereiseducation,“Itisanmannotlivewithoutfamilyoldsaying,“ItisnevertoooldtOlearn.’’ForthefamilynevertOOoldtoeducate.”1.2.3.8ThedepthoffamilyeducationtoFamilyisthe“firstenvironment”fortheyoungcontact,observearesociety,andacquireknowledge.Itissaidthatthefirstimpressionsmostlasting・Thesefirstimpressionslaidthefoundationoftheyoung’Sfutureeducation.Theforemostexperiencepersonalityandinitiativecomingofthefromthefamilyeducationinfluencelivingthedevelopmentyoungdeeply.Thehabits,languagedevelopment,behaviormode,moralitywiththisfirstandpersonalityofthechildrenallrelatecapableofthinkingenvironmentclosely.Beingasaandactingindependently,familyservedfilterhelpsthechildrenacquketherightvalues・Thevariedinfluencefromtheothereducationformsarechosentoandabsorbedbyreferencetheknowledgeacquiredfromthefamilyattheearlyage.Comparedadjusttheirswiththevaluesandaccordingtheyaleexperiencestoldintheofthefamilymembers’,childrenfamily.Therefore,whenfamilytheyoungbecomeself-supported,underthewidersocialbackground,theirvaluesarestillinfluencedbytheiracceptancetothesocialeducation.1.2.3.9Theauthorityoffamilyeducation7武汉理I:大学硕十学位论文Duringtheprocessoffamilyeducation,parentshavetheirauthorities.Itisdecidedbythebloodties,children’Sdependenceofbasicinterestofthefamily.ontheirparentsandtheidentity1.2.3.10TheinheritanceoffamilyeducationTheeducationandinfluencecomingfromtheoldwouldbcrevised.adjustedbytheyonng'sownexperienceandunderstandingwhentheygrowup.Thentheirowneducationideascomeculturaloutandeducatetheirischildren.Agreatdealofvaluedbytheinheritanceofhumansocietyconservedcompletelyancestralvocations,secretrecipeshandeddownfromgenerationsandfamilycustoms.Thisistheinheritanceoffamilyeducation.Familycustom(家风)istherelativelysteadylifestyle,traditionalhabitandfamilymoralitythetraditionofwhichformsgraduallyfromgenerations.Andthemaincontentisafamily’Sthinkingandideas.Itisconsistsofthesocialpositionofthefamily,thehistoricaltraditions,thecharacters,qualities,vocationsoffamilymembers.ThereforeTheinheritingandthefamilycustomdiffersasthechangesoftheabovefactors.customdonotconservingofthefamilydependonthedescendiblityofgenerationsbuttheinheritanceoffamilyeducation.Onceformed,thefamilycustomwillinfluenceunconsciouslythecharacters,qualitiesandideasofthefamilymembersandtheiroffspring.1.2.4TheaimsofFirstly,tohelpmodemfamilyeducationandlife,enrichtheirthechildrenunderstandthesocietyexperienceandlaythegroundoftheirfutureindependentlife.Indetails,itisconsistsofthemasteryofthebasiclifeskills,understandingandobeyingthebasicsocialregulations,understandingloveandacceptingandpayingoutloveactively.Secondly,tohelpthechildrenhavethehealthpersonalitywhichincludesthecreativity,abilitiesofthinkingbyoneself,facingthedifficultiesandsolvingtheproblems.Thirdly,tohelpthechildrenacquiretheabilityofcooperationthisincludesthespiritandsociability,competitivesense,cooperative8communicativeskills.武汉理I:大学硕十学位论文Fourthly,todevelopthechildren’Smorality,thisincludesself-respect,self-love,confidence;understandingtheriglltsofresponsibilitiesofcitizens;acceptingthemulticulturalsociety;appreciatingthecultureandart.Fifthly,tohelpthechildrenhaveahealthbody.Thatincludesknowingtheirownbodies,masteringtheexerciseskills,havinggoodlivinghabits.Skthly,toguidethechildrenacquiretheknowledgethatincludesthecuriousnesstothelearning,thebasicabilityofmasteringandapplyingtheknowledge.Theaboveaimsareraisedaccordingtothecommonobjectsoffamilyeducation.Differentfamiliescouldputforwarddifferentaimstargetingthechildrenindifferentageswithdifferentcharacteristics.Theseoneorfamilyeducationaimsarenotisolatedbutintegrate.Justemphasizingsomeaimscouldnotreachtheeducationeffect.onesLiterallytheseaimsdonotdiffermuchfromtheActuallythedifferencesareofschooleducation.ondistinct.Familyeducationemphasizesparticularlytheeducationduringthelife,butwhattheschooleducationemphasizesistheteachingbytheformalandorganizedactivities.1.3Cultureandfamilyeducation1.3.1TherelationshipbetweencultureandeducationEducationistheconstituentelementofcultureandiSeffectedandrestrictedbytheculture.Meanwhile,educationtotheistherelativelyindependent.Cultureisindispensableeducation.Exceptinfluenceofceaainpoliticalsystemandeconomicdevelopment,thevestigeofcontentofeducation.Forculturecanbefoundintheideas,asystemsandinstance,sinceSuiandTangdynasty,asapersonnelappointmentsystem,imperialexaminationsystembecomesculturaltraditionalongitslong-termdevelopment。ThissystemcombiningtheschooleducationwiththeaappointmentsystemimperialisticimpactstheChinesehistoryformorethanthousandyears.AstheinvasioninthelateQingDynasty,thepoliticsimpedalexaminationsystemcollapsedowing9totheviolentrevolutionof武汉理I:人学硕十学位论文andeconomy.Althoughithasbeenabolishedformorethanacentury,theeducationideasaccompanywiththeimperialexaminationsystemhasremained.Perusingdegreeandemphasizingexaminationsarethereflectionsofit.Whileinfluencedbytheculture,educationisthevitalmeansofinheriting,developingandcreatingculture.Thatasistosay,educationisinheritinganddiffusingthecultureincessantlyaccordingtothewellaschoosingandreconstructingthecultureincludesschooldemandoftimeandsociety.Thiseducationeducation.education,familyeducationandsociety1.3.2TheimpactofculturalvaluesconcerningfamilyeducationAsthecoreofculture,culturalvalueseffectthefamilyeducationdeeply.1.3.2.1TheconnotationandfunctionofculturalvaluesaPeopleineveryculturehaveappeartobeuniversalacrosspeoplefromtwosetofvaluesbywhichtheylive.Somevaluescultures;othervaluesvarysignificantly.、)l/henculturesinteract,theymayassumethattheyhavethesamevalues,whereasiftheychecked,theywoulddiscoverthattheydovaluedifferencesornot.Whenseuseclashescomeup,theydohavetonegotiated,andinthearetheyareindependentofthewaytheyfromfacttalkingabout.knowledge,culturalvalueisDistinctjudgmentandanotherandcognitiveformandthevaluestandardofrighteousnessanddepravity,truefalse.Culturalvalueisthesummationofposition,attitudeandviewindealingwiththeuniversalvalueproblems.Itscontentconsistsofthebeliefsandidealsofhumanbeings.Thepanicularformsexplanation.arethebeliefandidealsystemsforthefurtherCulturalvalueseffectfromindividualtosociety.Atthemicrovalueisalevel,culturalde印faithsystemwhichworksstandardasthebehaviorguidance,emotiontheinspirationandevaluationandef砖ctsunderstandingofhumanhimselfaswellaslifeandthedealingofinterpersonalrelationship.Asthevitalvaluerestrictsalltheaspectsofhumanlife.It’S10contentoflifephilosophy,cultural武汉理I:人学硕十学位论文allinvisiblebutpowerfulworld.Therefore,peoplefromdifferentcountriesorfolksdisplaydifferentbehaviorcharacteristicsowingtotheirdifferentculturalvalues.Thewell・knownAmericanwriterofChineseancestryTangTingtingtoldastoryinherautobiographicalnovelTheWomanWarrior.Shewasbomafterherparents’immigration.GrowingupknowledgeofChineseintheAmericanculture,shehadpoorculture.Whenshewasyoung,shethoughtthewhitefowerandworeitinhishair.Hermotherwassowasverybeautiful,soshepickedangryatonesightofthewhiteflowerinherhairthatbeatherviolently.Shewaschagrinedwithoutknowingthereason.LatershecametoknowthatChineseonlywearwhiteflowerswhenthereisthedeathinthefamily.However,intheAmericanculture,whiterepresentsthepurity,beautyanddignity.Atthemacrolevel,culturalvalueisthecoreandsoulofsocietyculturalafcsystemandrepresentstheregulativestandard.Peoplevaluesbyvariousmeans.Reflectingvaluesembodythecharacteristicsainfusedtheseculturalnation’sidealsandpursues,theculturalitandnatureessenceof1.3.2.2TheimpactofculturalvalueseducationconcerningfamilyApparently,thewayoffamilyeducationisaffecteddeeplybytheculturalvalues.TheparticularculturalvaluesreflectreasonOntheideasandmethodsoffamilyeducation.Thefundamentalofculturalofdifferentfamilyhaveeducationisthedifferencevalues.Americadidn’timperialexaminationsystem,butAmericansbelieveinfreedomandequality.Therefore,theypursuetherealizationofpersonalvalucsthroughbeingeducated.11武汉理r=大学硕十学位论文ChapterIIResearchsignificance2.1ResearchsignificanceItisproverbialthatfamilyeducationisavitalconstituentpartoforeducation.Nomatterfortheindividuals’developmenteducationplaysanforthewholesociety’s,familyeducation.Sincebythefamilyoftheirreplaceablerole.educationistheprimarystageofthechild'sFirstly,familybeinggestatedinmother’Swomb,childmembersandfamilybeginstobeaffectedistheatmosphere.Familyaseducationbedrockkindergarteneducationchildrenarewellasthevitalsupplementofschooleducation.Ifthewell・familyeducated,itismucheasierforthemtoreceivetheschoolthechildrenareeducation.Conversely,ifdifficultiesinschoolpoor-familyeducated,theyisSOwillhaveeducation.Ifthesehooleducationeducationcalledtoemphasizethelearningofknowledge,familyaattachesmoreimportancetoexertingsubtleinfluenceonthesociality,healthpersonalityandrichemotions.Therefore,increasinglystressthecloserelationseducationandthecooperationbetweenthecontemporaryeducationalthe,odeseducationandbetweenthefamilysehoolthem.AstheexperiencestellingUS,theovercomingofshortcomingsatthewhenthechildrengrowupisfarmoredifficultthanteachingthemconclusioncanearlyage.Thebereachedthatitisessentialtowiththebeeducatedwellinthefamily.andschoolSecondly,comparingcommunityeducationareeducation,familyeducationismorefar-reaching.Parentstheclosestandmostreliableactionhasthepersonstothechildren.Livinginthesamecivilizinginfluenceonfamily,parents’eachthechildren.Theknowledgestructure,habits,interests,experiencesandmoralitiesofindividualsarecloselyaffectedbytheirfamilies.educationisThirdly,familyonlyaeducationislifelonglasting.Receivingthesehoolperiod,whilethefamilyeducationismuchlonger.Aftersehooleducation,familyeducationstillprocesseswiththefocusconvertingtothelifeprinciples,vacationchoosingandmarriageetc.fromtheintelligentdevelopment,culture12武汉理I:大学硕七学位论文learningandhealthycare.Chinesefamilyeducationistypicallylifelonglasting.Confucianhassaid,“AmanshouldAmerica,parentsnotarebeindependentattheageofthirty.’’Innotobligatetosupporttheirgrownchildren,buttheywouldglveuptheresponsibilityoffamilyeducation.Fourthly,familyeducationtotheiscloselyrelatedtothedevelopmentofsociety.Comingandbelongingfamily,eachpersonwillasaenterthebroadersocietylifeandtakepartinthesocialpracticehasgreatcommunitarian.Howfamilyeducatedsignificancetotheirattitudesandcontributionstowardsthesociety.Thecontentandmethoddifferasthedifferencesofsocialposition,politicalattitudes,culturalqualitiesandeducationcompetenceoftheparents.Ifthefamilyeducationdemand,thepersonfromthiskindoffamilyeffectmightbenegative.COmestotermswiththesocietywouldbeactiveinthesocialpractice.Conversely,theeducationandhXunstressedthefamilysocietydevelopment.NoticingthepoorchildrenarepoorfamilyeducationinoldChina,hesaidemotionally,“Thewanderingaboutinthestreet,whiletherichchildrenareroamingatidleaboutinhome.Whentheygrowup,theythesociety.”Asthefutureofsociety,thefutureofsociety.areconditionofInchildrendeterminestheoffamilyconsiderationalleducation’Ssignificance,theeducatorsteachintheconcernedwithitlong.Whatandhowtofamilyisthelearningandartdeserveresearchingdeeply.Choosingthesignificanceeducationandfamilyeducationasmymyinterest.AsEnglishdegreeresearchasubjectowestoitsmajorandfuturemother,familyoffersmearelatestothecross・culturalcommunicationcloselyandvaluablelearningopportunityinmyfuturefamilyeducation.2.2Methodologyuponthetheoriesofcomparativepedagogy,thispaperBasedchoosestheresearchmodeofcomparingChineseandAmericanofculture.ComparativefamilyeducationinthevieweducatorM.E.Sadlerindicatedthesignificanceofculture武汉理I:大学硕十学位论文researchtothecomparativepedagogyforthefirsttimeinhisfamousspeech“HowFarCanWeLearnAnythingofPracticalValuefromtheStudyofForeignSystemofeducation?”Theculturalresearchofbothcountries’familyeducationwillhelpusexploretheculturalvaluesoftwocountriesandfindoutagoodwayofChinesefamilyeducation.14亟堡堡!:查堂堡±兰堡丝苎ChapterIIIThedifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericanfamilyeducation3.1ThepresentconditioncomparisonsbetweenChineseandAmericanfamilyeducationNowadays,theintemationalcompetitionsatefierce,whatiscomedownthecompetitionoftrainingthequalifiedpersonnel.Asweknown,thefirstpositionisathefamily.Therefore,inthesense,thecompetitionoftrainingqualifiedpersonnelisarecompetitionofparents’rearingcapability.Moreandmoreattentionsfamilyeducationhaspaidthetothebasiclink—familyeducation.Ahhou曲theofallsocialcausedseriousconcernsectors,especiallytheeducationalcircle,untileducationwhichrecently,therearestronglyvaluablesomemisunderstandingstheformingofyoungconcerningfamilyperson’sinfluenceonpracticesgoodqualities.Learningtheusofothercountries’familyeducationhelpsfindasuitableapproach.WecannotassertthatAmericanfamilyeducationisidealandperfect,butthereasonableelementsintheirfamilyeducationarewhatweneed.3.1.1ThecomparisonoffamilyeducationresultDifferentcaneducationaims,contentsandmethodsmayleaddifferentresults.Wecatchaglimpseofitfromtheresultsofthetwocountries’familyeducation.childrenGenerallyspeaking,thecharacteristicsofAmericanandteenagersareactive,c001.headed,easy—going,independent,bold,creativeandsociable.Since18yearsold,mostofthemareindependentoftheirfamiliesandself-supportbypart—timejobs.Theyhavesomanymarketeconomicbrainsthattheyparticipateinthemanagementofmoneymattersandobtaintheoncompetencetheofcommunicatingwithcustoms.Inaword,theyarematurcnon—intelligentelements,competitiveandabletoadaptthemselvestothenewsurroundings.evenMeanwhileChinesechildrenHowever,theyshownegativecollegestudentsonaresuperioringradepoints.tendency1Stheircharacters:passive,timid,武汉理j:大学硕十学位论文dependent,etc.Inaword,theyarelackoftheabilityofadaptingthemselvestothearenewsurroundings.Thesepersonalitiessociety.Childrenareclosedrelatedwithourdegree—orientedexpectedtobetoiledattheirstudiesintheuniversitiesratherthantobetorturedinsociety.Whichoftheeducationresultcanbeacceptedbythemodemsociety?Humanbeings’activityandcreativityimpelthesocietydeveloping.Astheprogressingofhumancivilization,humannatureisincreasingconcerned,andSOisthean-scaledcanabilityofhumanbeing.Obviously,AmericanfamilyeducationtrainthethepersonwithcreativityandabilitytoadaptnewsurroundingsChinesefamilyeducationistrainingisthebetter.Whatdocilescholarwhoisresultedfromtheexamination—orientededucationcooperationoffamiliesandschools.3.1.2ThecomparisonoffamilyeducationprocessFromthepresentconditionsofdifferentfamilyofeducationaleducationresults,asaneducationhasnotimportantfactorsystem,althoughfamilysystematized,ithasitsowneducationaim,contentandmethodastheschooleducation.Theaimisthestartingpointandarefinishinglineoffamilyeducationactivities.Andthecontentandmethoddeterminedaccordingtotheaim.3.1.2.1ThecomparisonoffamilyeducationobjectsanddecidesThefamilyeducationobjectimposesrestrictionsonitsoveralleffect.Therefore,itistheofthedifferencesoftwoitsorientationcoreoffamilyeducationandthebasicreasoneducation.Oncetheobjectiscountries’familycountries’familyeducationconformingisnotdetermined,accordingtowhichthewhatisthecontentandmethodcouldeducationbechosen.ThenwhatisthedifferenceoftWOobjects?Orhave?differenceoftheexpectationsthatthetwoofcountries’parentsTheobjectmanwhohasAmericanfamilycapacityaisraisingthechildrenintotoasocialandtheoftheseriessurroundingsandindependence.Beingsocialmancouldjustallidealbutanoperablelenientrequirement.Sotheparentsdigouttheactiveelementsofthechildren’Scharactersbythegreatestdegreeeasily.Inthatcase,childrenactualizetheirown璺堡墨!;盔兰堡±兰堡笙奎personalworthwithoutconsideringtheutilitarianwell—paidobjects,suchashi曲degreeandjobs.Actually,“Inthegardenmoregrowthanthegardenersow”r无心插柳柳成荫”).Thjskindofeducationalwaysproducesunexpectedeffect.Ontheotherhand,guidedbythisobject,childrenaretrainedtobemoreindependentinthou曲tandaction.Let’sseetheeachstageofAmericanchildren:whentheyaretheycanenfant,theysleepthemselves;whenwalltheyplaybythemselves;thenallbythemselves;oldeLtheyhavetheirownroomsanddecorateandcleanthemtheyengageinthepaidworkwithintheirreachsincetheycleaning,takinghighschoolcareareyoung,such舔arebabiesanddeliveringnewspaper'etc;whentheyareonintheandanduniversity,theythework-studyprogramself-supported.Bycontract,Chineseparentsaarealwayskeenfortheirchildrentogeton,havegoodjibandliveinabedofroses.Firstly,theexpectationofthisobjectistoohightoberealized.Underthisobject.whatdotheparentscaremostistheirchildren’sgradepointaverages.Sotheirexclusiverequirementisstudydiligently.Ithasignoredthechildren’stalentsandrestrictedtheircreativityduetonotbecaredaboutthepersonalityandthesociety,fewofthechildrenwouldbesuccessfulbadly.Secondly,tocompetenceconformthethroughtheydowellinstudying.3.1.2.2necomparisonoffamilyeducationcontentstotheAmericanfamilyeducationisrichincontentthatattachesimportancechildren’sharmonydevelopmentofphysicalandemotion,whichisphysicalcalledpower,cognition,sociality,languageeducation.Onenhancingcompetence-orientedthepower,theparentsemphasisandoutdooractivities,suchasplayingontheswirlsintheyardhikinginthefields;onthecognitiondevelopmengtheytrainthechildren’ssenses,widentheirsightsandinspiretheirstudyinterest,forinstance,parentsbringtheirchildrentothelibrarywiththehopeofbeingbredbythegoodatmosphere;ontrainingthesociality,theyhopethechildrendotheirownbusinesswiththeteam-workspirit;onedifyingtheemotions,theychildrentoappreciateguidetheirmusic,dance,artandliteratureworks,suchastakingthem17武汉理[大学硕十学侍论文toallsortsofmuseumsorexhibitions.encouragingthemtoattendcreativeactivitiesandenjoythenature.Chinesefamilyeducationcoulddevelopinallgivesgreateremphasistoensurethatthechildrenandall—roundway,morally,intellectually,physicallyaesthetically.However,whenchildrencometotheschoolage,theintellectualeducationisofoverridingimportance,andensuretheeducationcontentisunbalanced.Onphysically,theparentsthenutritionofthechildrenneeddaily,protecttothemfrombeinghurtandtakeeveryprecautiontothediseases.WhencomparedtheAmericaneducation,thisisdefensive,staticandnegative.Onintellectually,astheyteachthechildrenknowledgeandskills,suchbuyingallkindsofbooksforthechildrenandteachingthemreading,writingandcalculating.Onaesthetically,theincreasingnumbersofparentsrealizetheimportancewhichcouldhelptheofthespecialskillsthechildrenenterarebetterschools.Therefore,besidescompulsorysuchaseducation,thechildrenoccupiedbyallSOrtSofinterestclassesSOpainting,dancing,pianoareetc,whichisononeeagerforquickSUCAT,eSSthatchildren’Srealinterestsignoredhand,andtheyhavemuchmoreburdenunderthewasteoftimeandmoney.Bycontrast,Americanfamilyourseducationisrelativelyricherandmorereasonableincontent,whileisnarrowerandunreasonable.ForthephysicalOreducation,Chineseparentsusuallytakenoticeofthechildren'sfigureshapebutignorethephysicalexercisesometimes.BeinglackofwatchingTVathomeoutdoorexerciseandincludesormaketheobesityincrease.Intelligencethepracticalabilityandpotential.Thepracticalabilityistheknow-howareskill.Butsomeofthemlikelivingskill,vocationalskillwhiletheyintheareignoredintheChinesefamilypaidmuchattentionintheistheAmericansociety.Whatismuchignoredpotential,whichincludesthelearningparentsattachmuchmoreChinesefamilyeducationabilityonandcreativity.Apparently,Chinesejustimportancethechildren’Slearning,whichisenablesthechildrentothelowerlevelofcognitivecompetitionandjustcramfortheexaminations.Therealmainspringofsocietydevelopmentisthecreativeability.Followingisoneoftheresultsfrom“A18武汉理工大学硕十学位论文sedesofsocialsurveysonthecreativeabilityofChineseteenagers’’(2002)QuestionWhenthechildrenaretakingapartthenewclocks.whatdotheparentsdo?AnswerRatioReprimandorwarn.Putitononeside.0thcrs.2%40%48%Fromthistable,theconclusioncanbereachedthattheawareofeuhivatingthecreativeabilityonghttobeenhanced.InAmerica,manyeducatorsdonotholdthatthestudentsOtIghttomemorizenotunderstandattheearlyage.Afterschool,theChineseattheknowledgetheycanparentsalwaysasktheirchildren“Whatdoyoulearnhaveyougotschool?’’or‘‘Whatscoretoday?”Whiletheraisedtheanyquestionstoday?…orAmericanstudentswouldbeasked“HaveyouHowdOyouliketheclassestoday?”Thesearedifferentunderstandingstotheintelligencebytheparentsofthebothcountries.3.1.2.3ThecomparisonoffamilyeducationmethodsFamilyeducationmethodisthespecificmeasureofeducationcontent.whichisdetemaineddos,elybythetraditions,customsandhistoricalbackgroundandisrestrictedbytheeducationobject.educationmethodesteemofIngeneral,theAmericanfamilyisequalanddemocratic.treatParentsholdchildreninandthemastheequalandindependenttheiropinionsorfamilymembers:1)Childrenareencouragedtheirparents.AccordingcharacteristicsoftothetoreservenotobeyAmericanpsychologist'sresearch,thecommonhighlycreativechildrenarenaughtyandself-opinionated.2)Americanchildrenhavemoreoptions.Thegames,books,friends,futurevacation,eventhefuturespouseandmarriagetimecouldbechosenbythemselves.WhattheparentsdoisguidingthemtochoosethroughtheirOwneyes.31andencouragingthemtoobservethelifetheclosefriendsoftheirAmericanparentsaremostly19武汉理J:大学硕十学位论文children.Thebothsidescouldcommunicateequally.钔Americanparentsgenerallyrespecttheirchildren’sprivacy.WhatrightsofaretheChinesefamilyeducationapproaches?1)Thechildrenhavelessparticipate.Theyarelecturestobedocileandagreeable.21areTheyhavelessrightsofoption.Manythingsdoneattheparents’willordecidedbytheparents.31Theparentssometimesthemselvesandthechildren.SOpatriarchalthatwidenthedistancebetweenAmericanparentsfavortheopeneducationpatternandentitlethechildrenthefightsofparticipate,optionandself-determination。1)TheeverythingshouldbedoneareAmericansholdthatbythechildrenthemselves,duringarewhichtheirexperiencesandskillsincreased,abilityandconfidencestrengthened.Theyofferthechildrenthekeysratherthanunlockthedoorforthem.21Playingisthemostimportantarewaytolearn.InAmerica,thesparetimeandanplayingplacesofouting.Andthechildrenrich.Onholidays,they.arealwaystakenforparentsusuallyparticipateintheactivitiesoftheschools.TheeducationpatterninChinaisrelativelyclose.Firstly,theparentsfavorlecturingthechildren,whileattachlessimportancetothepracticalactivities.Thechildrenareexclusivelyrequiredtobedocileandstudydiligently.Secondly,childrenhavefewchancestotheoutdooractivitiesowingtotheburdensomehomework.Therearemanyadvantagesofdemocraticeducationpattern:1)Stress—freeenvironmentisnecessarybasedtoontoinspirecreativity.Creatingtherelaxenvironmentistheequalrelationshipbetweentheparentsandchildren.2)ItisfavorabletheformingofwholeandSOundpersonality.Theconfidence,responsibilityandareindependenceenhancedastherightsofchildrenhaveincrease.3.2nereasonsofthedifferencesWhyeducationdothedifferencesemergebetweentheChineseandwhichareAmericanfamilyemphasizedhighiybyparentsfromthebothcountriesinthesamemodernsociety?Thefollowingwouldbethereasons:武汉理l:大学硕十学位论文3.2.1DifferenthistoricalbackgroundsTheUnitedStatesareisanationofimmigrantswithshorthistory,whereold—fashionedideasdevelopedseldomkeptdown;newideascouldbeacceptedeasilyandundertheinfluenceoftheunrestrictedlyisamulti-culturalvalues.Meanwhile,Chinacountrywithlonghistorywherethevaluesaremostlywithdrawn,conservativeandlackofventuresomeandinnovativespiritsbecauseoftheinfluenceofoldrestrictsandsmall-scalepeasanteconomy.3.2.2DifferenteconomicpatternsWithadvancedproductiveforce,boomingeconomy,acornucopiaofemploymentopportunitiesandlightlivingstress,Americanpeoplehaveboarderrangeofchoicesandopenercareersvalves.Inthiscompetence—orientedsociety,parentssupposethatanyvocationisequal,nohighandlow.ButChinaisadegree-orientedsocietywithbackwardeconomy,inwhichthelivingstressisheavy.Peoplealwaysplacethehappinessofthewholeononevocation.SotheandfindingaChineseparentsholdthatthebestwayoflifeisdoingwellinstudygoodjob.Thereafter,theobjectofeducationistoreceivehJighereducationandholdadvancedacademicdegrees.3.2.3Differentculturaltraditions3.2.3.1DifferentValueorientationsAmericanwhoseculturalpeoplecoreemphasizetheindividualinterestandself-achievement,isman-oriented.Inthefamily,individualhasthehighestfightandisindependentofthefamilyrelationship.Sotheparentstreatthemselvesandthechildrenastwounattachedunits.Theyesteemtheirchildren'sinterestsandchoices,andwouldnotalegiVeuptheirownhobbies.Chinesepeopleparticularaboutthecommonnessthatcollectiveinterestisthefamily,parentstreattheirchildrenasthesuperiortotheindividual's.Inextendingoftheirownvalues.Childrenarethewholecontentoftheirlifewhosefuturelifehasbeendesignedbytheirparentsinadvance.Therefore,relatedtothe武汉理l:人学硕十学位论文children’scompetence,Chineseparents’expectationistoohigh3.2.3.2DifferentmodesofthinkingAmericansaresorationalthattheirfamilyeducationstressestotreatthefamilymembersandaffairsrationally.Attheirpoints,theobligationsoffosteringandeducatingthechildrenareequaltotheonestothesociety,notstartingwiththeraisingofchildtheinterestofthewholeasfamiliesandthemselves.Supposingtheobligation,theydon’thavethetraditionofraisingchildrentoprovideforaoldage.Notseekingthisrebound,livingintheoldfolk’shomeisend—result.Chinesetreatfamilyrelationshiponnaturalthebaseofaffection.MostChineseparentseducatetheirchildrenundertheconsiderationofsupportingofoldagerealizingtheirownambitionsproperties.Theirmeticulousthefavorsfromtheiraresoandsincetheyseemthechildrenastheirpersonalcaretothechildrenhidestheirmotivestoreciprocateitisnotchildren.ThereforedifficulttounderstandwhyChineseparentsdeterminedto,seetheirchildrensucceedinlife.武汉理I:人学硕士学位论文ChapterIVThesimilaritiesinChineseandAmericanfamilyeducation4.1TheessentialsimilaritiesinChineseandAmericanfamilyeducationAmongtheparents,familyeducationistherealizingmoreandmoredifferencesandconstanttopic.Wehavebeendisadvantages.ThevoicetoreformChinesefamilyeducationandschooleducationisincreasinglylouder.Ithasarousedtheinterestoftheacademicworldinwhichtheresearchersandeducatorshavedevotedthemselvestothisfieldforseveralyearsanddidputforwardsnumerousvaluedsuggestions.AmongthesemostareraisedunderthecomparisonwiththefamilyeducationofwesterncountriesrangingfromthecausestotheresultswhichIhavementionedinchapter111,Afterreadingmanybooksonthefamilyeducationandcountlessinstances011thenewspaperandmagazines,besidestheproblemsmanyeducatorshavebeenconcerning,IcometobeinterestedinthesimilaritycomparisonbetweenChineseandAmericanfamilyeducation.Inthisthesis,IamtryingtothefamilyeducationsoftwocomeupwithsomesimilaritiesbetweenthisattemptI'dliketoofferSOacountries.ThroBghfewupcommonplacewithvaluableremarksbythewayofintroductionthatothersmaycomeopinions.TheandculturalsimilaritiesarethebasicofcrOSS—culturalresearch.“ChineseculturesaretraditionalcultureforeignperfectingbytheessencecombinationofChinesecultures.”(顾嘉祖,2000:77—78)Thissubjectpeopleofalloverwhicharousestheinterestofthetheequalcommunicationstheworldwoulddeveloponandcomparisons.sense4.1.1TheessentialsimilaritiesinlifeGenerallyspeaking,familyasalivingstyleofhumanbeingsmakesthefamilyeducationbethebehaviorthathasthelifesense.Intheanimalswholiveinthefamilygroupareanimalkingdom,thetakingthefamilyeducationaswell.They西武汉理I:人学硕十学位论文developtheirchildren’slivingcompetenceindifferentways,andevenabandontheirchildrencompulsorilytorealizetheirultimateindependencewhentheyounggrow“p.Thegrownanimalsseemthaitheyknowinstinctivelywhatkindofeducationcouldbenefitmoretheyoung.Thistouchinglovethatisundertheobjectofbreedingbutseemsmercilessmakestheeffectivefamilyeducationwork.thewhole(张进峰,2005:52)Forhumanbeings,familyeducationhastheessentialsimilaritywiththeanimals’lifesense.Theybotheducateandguidetheiroffspringbytheirparents’loveandtorealizetheyoung’sindependence.4.1.2TheessentialsimilaritiesinculturalIntheworldcivilizationhistory,someculturestimeandspaceCallsensestrideacrossthegapsofandshowthemarveloussimilaritiesindifferentregionsandtimes.Itisnotthecoincidentsincesimilartothedevelopmentofhumansocietytheculturesdevelopastheirowninprocessandthislaws.Ontheotherhand,sincethehumanbeingparticipatessimilaritiesarebetweenChinaevolution丛thecommonelement.theseeasternandwesterncultures,boundtoexist.AstherepresentsofandAmerica,therearearedistinctculturaldiversities.However,onthefamilyeducation,therestillaremanysimilarities.“Thegroupnatureandgroupphenotypeofhumanbeingscategorized.”(李述一,李小兵,1987:7)inthebasiclivingunitofeducationrendersFamilyeducationasthecommonculturalphenomenonsocietyinevitablyhasthesimilarculturalnature.“FamilyindividualswisdomtofacehimthatistheundevelopedformofindividualspiritOrtheinitialstandpointofindividuallife.”(张迸峰,2005:54)4.2ThecontentsimilaritiesinChineseandAmericanfamilyeducationBesidesthefollowingthreepoints,thereChineseandAmericanaremanyothercontentsimilaritiesintofamilyeducation,forinstance,attachingimportancepreschooleducation,cherishingtime,beingbrave,honest,etc.However,becauseofthediversitiesofculturaltraditionsandthinkingmodes,thegeneralcharactersofculturalphenomenaarenotthesame,but24similar,withthecharacteristicof武汉理I:大学硕十学位论文similarity—and—diversitycoexistence.4.2.1MoraleducationwiththecoreofloveMoralvalueisthemotiveforceofhumanbehaviorbelongingtothecultureofthewholehumanbeings.Infactmanycountriesholdtheidenticalmoralviews,althoughtheyarehavingbeentaughtbydifferentstoriesandtraditionsindifferentcultures.InkeybothChineseandAmericanfamily,moraleducationallalongistheunderthedifferentpO妇.Formingculturalbackgrounds,ChineseloveandAmericanandmoralityhasdifferenttonesandcofcimplications.Butandkindnesshavethesamekindnessandarcthereflectionsofuniversalhumanmorality.Sympathyandofferhumanbeingsdeepsatisfactoryhappiness.OnthiscommonpointofChineseandAmericanmorality,twocountriesmoralframesanditsconstructtheirofconnotationsundertheirownideology.OnthebaseConfucian“Goodnessofnature”,Chineseputsmoralityforehead.Cultivatingtobeaperfectlyvirtuouspersonisthesupremerealmofbehavioroffamilyandthecorecontenteducationasaswell.E.g.:‘‘Onbedonebygoodretumdeservesanother.’’(‘"Mencius’,)“Do‘‘Theyouwouldasother.”("AnalectsofConfucius”)aUbenevolenceisperfectastransparentwater.”(“老子’,)etc.TheyareChineseparents’untiringandsincereteachings.ContrastingwithChinesemoralresponsesthedoctrinesofsystem,theoriginofAmericanmoralityChristianity.isthecoreTheyunderscorethedoctrinesofliberty,equalityandfraternity.Lovevirtuesareviftuethatpermeatedwith“theBible”.Fromthethis,manyextendedtobecontentsofAmericanfamilyeducation,forinstanceendurance,sympathy,honesty,courage,responsibilityandfaithfulnessetc.4.2.2IntelligenteducationofdiligentstudyKnowledgeistheprimaryproductiveforcethatdirectlydecidesnationalprosperityandpersonalneedsSUCCess.BooksaretheaccumulationofknowledgeandUSexperience,whicheducationofbothheritageanddevelopbystudy.Therefore,thefamilycountriesstressesstudydeeply.ItissaidthatstudyissuperiortoantothervacationsinChina.(“万般皆下品唯有读书高”)In25ancienttimes,the武汉理I:大学硕十学位论文objectsofstudyordinaryalefortheimperialexamination,ma“ngareanameorbringinghonortohisfamily.Althou曲theyutilitarian,theyembroiderthepatriotismandthespiritofcultivatingoneselfthroughmeditation.Innowadays,theparentshavesimplifiedtheobjectsofstudy,strikingtheirutilitarianism.Sincetheancienttime,themaximsofdiligentstudyinfamilymottosabound.Thereisnoroyalroadtoonlearning.(“书山有路勤为径,学海无语苦作舟”)Achievementrecklessness.(“业精于勤荒于嬉”)neverisfoundeddiligenceandwasteduponDiligenceredeemsstupidity.(“勤能补拙”)Itisalwaystakethetoolatetolearn.(“活到don’tattach老,学到老”)WeimportancemisconceptionthatAmericanstothechildren’sstudy.ButthehiglllymodernizationofUnitedStatesareowestothemasteryandapplicationofscienceandknowledgewhichofdiligentstudy.“Geniusisonethefruitspercentofinspirationandninety—ninepercentofparentsalsothinkhighlyofchildren’sstudy.perspiration.’’(Edison)AmericanTheyatmosphereforthem.Foralwaysencouragetheirchildrentoreadgoodbooksandcreatethereadinginstance,theyfrequentlytakethechildrentothelibrary,bookstores,etc.Theyalsoencouragethekidstoraisemorequestionsandsolvetheproblembyreadingandself-thinking,arousetheirinterestsandthirstforknowledge,andcultivatetheirenterprisingspirit.JustasthePresidentofHarvardUniversityMr.Livensaid,“Youshouldquestiontoeverything.一althouglldofurtherisyououghtraisethequestionsfirst.whatyoumustacquiringmoreinformationreachedbythrougllreadingtosolvethesequestions.Thentheconclusionsareyourindependentthinking.”(张国骥,2005)ComparingimportancewiththecriticalnessofAmericans’,Chineseattachmoretotheauthorityandmemorizingofthebooks.Asthesayinggoes,“AfterreadingupthreehundredTangpoems,youcanatleastintonepoemsevenyoucan'twritethem.”(熟读唐诗三百首,不会吟诗也会吟。)4.2.3HabiteducationofthriftHardworkingandthriftyarethetraditionalChinesecloselywithself-cultivation,moralityasvirtues.Theyrelatewellasthewholecountry’sfuture.Since武汉理I:人学硕十学位论文theancientChina,thrifthasbeencollectinginthefamilymotto.ZhuGeliangsaid“Virtuesinitwecanoncecomemakefromtheusethrift.”(俭以养德)Intoday’Ssociety,thereismuchof.Beingthrifty,notluxuriousistheeternalinsuranceofprosperity.Asallthefamilyitspeopleeventhecountry’sslackoneconomicsuperpower-・America,temperareneverthethriftyeducation.Theparentsdevelopandthechildren’Swillpowerinordertomakethemadaptthemselvestocircumstancesandenablethemthearecompetenceofindependence.Whenthechildrenareveryintherichfamilies,ofthriftayoung,theymadetodothewashing,cleaning.Evenrightchildrendothepart—timedevelopingintheirjobattheage.Thevirtuehasbeenpractice.TheoiltycoonRockefellerhassetgoodexample.Asayoungboy,hemadethepocketmoneybyworkingforhisfather,andwasevenverythriftynotlikebominarichfamily.Butonthispoint,Chinesefamilies’pocketmoneyareeducationmethodsareacceptedbydifferent.WorkingforthecannotbemanyChinesefamilies,sincetheAmericanstheindividualdepartmentalismwhileChinesearethecollectivedepartmentalism.(黄河清,2003:14)4.3ThesimilaritiesintraditionalcultureeducatingtrendsChinesedevelopingandAmericanfamilyeducationhaveexperiencedthesamecircle“pampering-strictness-pampering'’owingtodifferentre3sons.Nowtheyareshowingthetendencyofdrawingbacktothetraditions.SincetheancientChinesecollectivism,theancients’familyeducationWasthematterforthewholefamilyratherthantheindividual.Ithadthebothsynchronicsenses.Soitisextremelystrict.However,astheanddiachronicfamilyrivinglevel’Sraising,theofwestemsuffersideologycompletelynegatingofourtraditionsandtheacceptingwithoutcarefulunderstanding,ourmodemfamilyeducationlosing.Thereareanumberofproblemswillfulonthepoor-educatedsensechildren.Theyareselfish,fragile,otherandandlackoftheofresponsibility,etc.Meanwhile,thetraditionalvaluescountriesaredeeplyinterestedinouranddrawingthelessons27武汉理I:大学硕十学位论文fromthem.SomeAmericanuniversitieschoose“Artoftherequiredtextbook.JapaneseenterprisersWar”(《孙子兵法》)觞Bootsoftreasures“TheWisdom”(《菜根谭》)alot.SingaporeanschoolsalsoadoptsomeConfuciusworkstotheirtextbooks.Chinesepeoplehavebeenrealizingthevalueofthetraditionalculturesanddrawingbacktothem.Thesamethesimilarprocess.In1930s,whenlevelwaslowandtheirfamilyasChina,Americahasexperiencedtheeconomywasdepressed,people’slivingtheeconomydevelopedliberalizedideologyouteducationwasstrict.Whenrapidlyinthepostwarperiod,sincetheanti-traditionalanddivorcerate’sandraising,parentspamperedthechildrenmuchofthecompensation.Underthisgrowingenvironment,childrenbecameself-centeredandspoiled.Theywere“theBeatenGeneration’’whorebelledagainsttheparentshavetraditionsandwasoutcontrolandguide.Therefore,theAmericanintrospectedandtriedtoretumthetraditions.ThemosttypicalexampleisthefamoussingerMadonna.Asayounggirl,shewasselfindulgedaandrebelledagainsttraditions.Astimegoesby,beingherselfandeducatesherkidsmotherwithtwol【ids.sheretrainsstrictly.(何洪泽,2005)28武汉理r大学硕十学侍论文ChapterVConclusion5.1ConclusionoftheresearchThecomparisonbetweenthefamilyeducationofChinaonandAmericaembodiestheculturalsimilaritiesandespeciallyhasitsdifferences.Theresearchindividualtothesimilaritiescountry,thevalue.neonfirst.fromthecommunicationareisbasedthemutualunderstandingorandidentification.Peopleeachotherbythesesimilarityisthepointswhilesecond,enabledtoaccept,amalgamateoppugn,abnegatesimilarities.Theegointegrityhasachievedverythen.Therefore,theandseekingjointsofCROSS—culturalcommunicationcommonreservingdifferenceisthepremiseofthesuccessfulthesimilaritiespresentingcommunication.ThebetweenthecountriesdiffergreatlyincultureshavethetoholdmayexistmoreuniversalSell.qC.Thesameviewshappeningmuchmorearerationallyandmuchconformtothenaturallaws.Theseuniversalvaluesrightaretheculturalessenceofofhumanbeings,andthecross・time・and—spacesimilaritiesthird,thesameculturallearnedunderthethetruemeaningsanyfamilyandeducationasorwell.Thecanphenomenonofdifferentregionstimesonlybeconditionofitsdifferencessimilaritieshavebeencomprehensivelyresearched.differencesmustberealizedonThedeepcognitionofculturalinthethebaseofChinesesimilarities.Thelast.Americancross—culturalcommunicationjustnoticetheoneofandthenfamilyeducation,peopleusuallydifferenceandformthenegationandbiastowardthenativethecasebutworshipthewestblindly.AsourstandsthatthereislargenumberofsimilaritiesbetweenandtraditionalmodelsfamilyeducationAmerican’sinmanyaspects.Thedifferentcultureresultinthedifferentdeeds.Proceedingfromthenativefactsweshouldtakethestraightlooktothetwocountries’familyeducation,selecttherefinedanddiscardthecrude.Therefore,ourfamilyeducationcouldculturalvitalitywhilebegreatlydevelopedandentitledinthemutualstrongerself-perfectingculture—complementarywithAmerican’s.29亟坚垄!:查兰堡±兰生笙奎5.2Suggestionstoimprovecross—culturalawarenessThirtyyearsago,theCanadianwriterMarshallMcLuhanintroducedthetermofglobalvillagetoexpresstheideathattheworldseemstobegettingsmaller.TheplanetEarthisnotshrinking,buttimeAtthattimethisandspaceare(Davis,2001:5).Imagewasregardednewasallabs仃actideaanddeservedlittleattention.However,technology,intheencouragedformoftransportationtheprocessandofandhighlydevelopedcommunicationsystems,hasandnoacceleratedglobMization.Nowadays,theglobalvillageiscertainty.longerabstractbutvirtualwithOneofthedirectoutcomesfromtheglobalizationisthatthepeopleespeciallybetweenthosewhocontactbetweencomefromdifferentcultures,hasbeenmoreorandmorefrequent.Sincepeopleareinclinedtointerprettheunfamiliarthingsphenomenaintermsoftheirownworldoutlooksandcultures,moreproblemsandmoreandmisunderstandingsbutinariseinevitably,notonlyintheaspectoffamilyeducationmanyotheraspects.Clearly,somethingmorethanthecontactanother.itselfisneededifpeoplewhodosharecultureareoftounderstandgoaloftooneCross—culturalawarenessistojustonethem.TheCROss.culturalhelpcommunication,accordingpeople’SProfessorSOHuWenzhong,“isincreasecross—culturalawarenessthatfewerproblemsariseintheirinteractionwithpeopleofanotherculture.Todothis.itisnecessarytocompareestablishingsimilaritiesculturesforandidentifyadifferences”(Hu,1988:7).Manysuccessfulotherscholarsalsoholdthesameideathatbasedoncross・culturaloneunderstandingiswellastherecognizingthewayinwhichtheyresembleanotheraswayinwhichthediffer.Theworldtodayischaracterizedbyanevergrowingnumberofcontactsresultingincommunicationbetweenpeoplewithdifferentlinguisticandculturaltakesplacebackgrounds.Thiscommunicationareasofbecauseofcontactswithinthebusiness,militarycooperation,science,education,massmedia,武汉理t:大学硕十学位论文entertainment,tourismbutalsobecauseofimmigrmionbroughtaboutbylaborshortageorpoliticalconflicts.1nallthiscontacts.thereiscommunicationwhichneedstobeasconstructivebeliefthatcanaspossible,withoutmisunderstandingsandbreakdowns.Itisresearchonourthenatureofculturalsimilaritiesanddifferenceshereplayapositiveandconstructiverole.TherearegreatdisparitiesbetweenChinaandwesterncountriesinideas,methodsandcontentoffamilyeducation.SOthecomparativestudyofChinese&USAmericanfamilyeducationwillhelpincreasecrOSS・culturalandawarenessthattolerating,understanding,andfurthermore,appreciatingdifferencesisessentialifweinteraction.arerespectingculturaltoachievecross—culturalcompetenceduringtheMoreover,aswecommunicatewithpeoplefromdifferentcultures,wewilllearnmoreaboutthemandtheirwayoflife,includingtheirhistory,valuesandthesubstanceoftheirpersonality,andeventuallywewillonunderstandthembetter,perhaps,evenempathizethem.Basedtheabove—mentionedpurposes,Ihopethisresearch,tosomeextent,beofsignificancebotlltheoreticallyandpractically.ThegoalofcrOSS-culturalcommunicationdoesthehelpstoincreaseresearchpeople’Sthroughcross-culturalawareness.sopurposeofthiscomparativestudy,whichhasbeenmentionedinChapterI.onhowtoimprovecross-culturalawareneSS,scholarsandexpertshaveputforwardmanysuggestionsandmodels.Whateverself-awarenesstheyare,generallyspeaking,twopointsaleveryimportant:andempathy.In“Self-awarenessourselvesasModel”(1986)。Bennettisthebasisofbetterassumesthatunderstandingculturalbeingsadjustmenttoanewculture(Cben&Starosta1997:265).EdwardT.Hallalsoemphasizestheimportanceofself-awarenesswhenhewrites,“Culturehidesmorethanitreveals,andstrangelyenoughwhatithides,ithidesmosteffectivelyfromitsownparticipants.Yearsofstudyhaveconvincedmethattherealjobisnottounderstandforeignculturesbut31武汉理1人学硕十学位论文toundemtandourown”(HMI,1990:29).Fromwhattheysaid,wearecanunderstandthatcross—culturalawarenessandself-awarenessordertosuccessfullyinteractourinteracting.Thatistosay,inothercultureswehavetowithpeoplefromunderstandownandtheothers’culturalvalues,norm,customs,andsocialsystems.Lackinginself-awarenessnegatesCROSS-culturalawareness.Thehiddenpersonalpremisesareoftenthecauseofmanyofourproblems.Cross-culturalawarenesscomplimentsin-depthself-awareness.厶缸asempathyisconcerned.itcanbedefinedastheabilitytoseethingsfromthepointofviewofothers.Needlesstosay,itisqualitythatrecognizedcentralaanessentialandnecessarysuccessfulcross—culturalcommunicatormustpossess,forithasbeenandasaasimportantoftobothgeneralandcommunicationcompetenceeffectiveinterculturalcharacteristicetcompetentcommutation(Samovara1.,2000:259)HanveyonceclassifiedCTOSS—culturalawarenessintodifferencesarefourlevelsinhisbook:LevelculturalOne,culturalexotic;LevelTwo,isbelievable;differencesarefrustrating;LevelThree,thedifferentcultureLevelFour,thedifferentcultureisbelievableoutaslivedtheexperience(Davis,forCROSS—cultural2000:29-30).Meanwhile,hecommunicatorsistoreachpointedthatgoalLevelThreeoratleastsomeaspectsofLevelFourone’sawareness(Hu,1988:238).Sinceemotionalmovingtohigherlevelsinvolveschangingresponsestootherswhoaredifferent,thereforecannotbeoneneedstheabilitytoaempathy.Althoughcompleteempathyextent,weneeddependdevelopouronexperiencedbyanyone,toourgreatempathytoenhancecross-culturalawarenessandus.relationshipswitIlpeoplefromculturesdifferentfrom5.3SuggestionsaboutChinesefamilyeducation5.3.1OntheaspectofeducationAccordingtotheobjectsandchapterIV,theanalysisinchapterIIIonobjectsofbothcountries’familyeducationstressmorethe“skilledperson’’thanthe‘‘qualifiedshouldbethecombinationofthesetwothelattenChineseperson.’’Thesuccessfulfamilyeducationaspects,theprincipalobjectofwhichshouldbefamily武汉理I‘人学硕十学位论文educationusuallyne酉ectsarethechildren’ssubjectivewishes.Inthefamilyeducation,childreneducationonthemainbodyandtheinternalcauseofwhetherthefamilyobjectcouldberealized.Therefore,parentsshouldpaymoreattentionarethechildren’Swishesratherthanthemselves’.Followingthisaspect:First,althoughthechildrenaresomesuggestionsondependentontheparents,theyandareindependentindividualswhohaveindependentopinionsunderstandings.Listeningattentivelytothechildren’Sbasicrequests.idesandconsideringcarefullytheiropinionsaretheSecond,whentheconflictofparents’andchildren’SideasshouldanalyzethesituationtothechildrenBeingleftthecomingup,parentscalmlyratherthanforcethemtoobey.rightofchoiceandresponsibility,childrencouldbehelpedtomaketheratioualchoices.5.3.2OntheaspectofeducationcontentssoundbasismasteryofComparingwiththeAmericanchildren,ChinesechildrenhaveofknowledgeowingtoatheChinesetraditionofstressingtheknowledge.Butitisobviouslyutilitarian.Ahighhemarkinexamisnotthesolestandardotherofagoodstudent.Childrenshouldevaluatedcomprehensively.Onthehand,inthesocietywithhotcompetition,survivalvitaltothechildren.educationandfinancingeducationare5.3.3OntheaspectofeducationmethodsChineseparentsshouldgivechildrenthechancetomakemistakesandthencon'ectthem.Sinceeverymistakewouldpaytheprice,parentsalwaysgooutoftheirwaytoavoidthechildrenmakingmistakesrathersavethanencouragethemtomakethejudgrnentbythemselves.Thechildren’Schancetofamilyeducationwhichdeprivesthemakemistakesdeprivestheirchanceofaccumulatinglivingexperience勰well.Failureisthemotherofsuccess.ChinesefamouseducatorTaoXingzhihasputforwardsix“liberations".(TaoXingzhi:1980)Liberatethechildren'sminds,letthemthinkbythemselves;liberatethechildren’Shands,let33武汉理I:大学硕十学位论文themdobythemselves;liberatethechildren’seyes,letthemseetheworldbythemselves;liberatethechildren’smouths,letthemaskquestionstothenaturebythemselves;liberatethechildren’stime,letthemcreatethemselves.whattheyimageby亟望型!;叁兰堡±兰壁堡茎Bibliography1.ClairKramsch,LanguageandCulture,ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,20012.Larry八Samovar,RichardE.P(}ner,Lisa八Stefani,CommunicationCultures,ForeignlanguageTeachingandResearchbetweenPress,Brooks/Cole/ThomsonLearningAsia,20003.LinellDavis,DoingCulture:Cross-culturalTeachingandResearchPress,20014.RonScoilonDiscourseCommunication,ForeignLanguageandSuzanneWongScollon,InterculturalCommunication:ATeachingandResearchPress,Approach,ForeignLanguageBlackwellPublishers,20005.DengYanchangandLiuRunqing,LanguageandCulture,ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress,20016.HuWenzhong,CultureandCommunication,ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress,19987.JiaYuxin,InterculturalPress,2000Communication,ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducation8,WangXiansheng,BritishHenan9.Wang2001.University,1994andAmericanCultures:AHistoricalIntroduction,Zhengyuan,InternationalBusinessCulture,LiaoninEducationPress,10.Breinse,W:&James,Evaluation1985.onEducation,America:LongmanPress,11.HowardG.TheEnlightenmentpress,1976.ontheIntelh'gences,America:Foundation12.Josef'T.&David,Preschool伽theThreeCulturesofJapan,ChinaandAmerica.America:YaleUniversityPress,1989.13.Quanyu.H.OpentheDoorofthe14.Ouanyu.H.PhilosophicalGreatWall,America:HarwardEducationinPress,1994.PuzzlesoftheChina.America:Miami武汉理I‘人学硕十学位论文UniversityPress,1993.15.KarlN.,Equati砂andFreedom,America:LermanAllanHerlPress,1985.16.BrineH.,EqualityandFreedomOvenPress,1985.17.BarryTomalin&SusanStempleski,CulturalAwareness,Shanghai:EastofEducation,London:GeorgeAllenandChinaNormalUniversityPublishingHouse&OxfordUniversityPress.199718.DiYanhua,AmericanCulture,Changchun:JilinScience&TechnologyPress,200119.UnDajin,RevisitingCulturalRelativisminOurGlobalHllage,Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeaching&ResearchPress.1999.20.EMusgrove,TheFamily,EducationandSociety,London:Routledge&KeganPaul,196621.EugeniaHepworthBerqer,ParentsSchoolsasPartnersinEducation:FamiliesandWorkingTogether.SixthEdition.200322.DonaldP.Riley.Parent-ChildCommunication,FamiliesInfl,1977.23.CarlN.Degler.Out24.Richard1987.ofOUrPast,NewYork:Harper&RowPublishers,1984IdeaM.Hueber,TheAmericanofSuccess,NewYork:PushcartPress,25.胡文仲,跨文化交际学概论,外语研究与教学出版社,1999。26.胡文仲,中英文化习俗比较,外语教学与研究出版社,1999。27.顾嘉祖,跨文化交际一外国语言文学中的隐藏文化,南京师范大学出版社,2000年。28.李述一,李小兵,文化的冲突与抉择,中国人民出版社,1987年7月。29.孙隆基,中国文化的深层结构,广西师范大学出版社,2000。30.刑福义,文化语言学,湖北:湖北教育出版社,1990。31.吴友富主编,外语与文化研究(第五辑),年。上海外语教育出版社,200532.杜瑞清主编,跨文化交际学选读,西安交通大学出版社,2004年10月。33.杨宝忠,大教育视野中的家庭教育,社会科学文献出版社,2003年11月。34.邓佐君主编,家庭教育学,福建教育出版社,1994年5月。武汉理1人学硕十学位论文35.云中天,美国人的教子智慧,三峡出版社,2006年6月。36.史静寰主编,当代美国教育,北京科技文献出版社,2001年10月。37.克劳蒂亚,美国人的家庭教育,专利文献出版社,1997年12月。38.杨新字,西方学校道德教育的灌输特征及启示,学校党建与思想政治教育,2004。39.黄乃毓,家庭教育,五南图书出版公司,1998。加.王玄武,比较教育学,高等教育出版社,2000年2月。41.赵飞,中美学校德育途径比较研究,广东肇庆学院学报,2002年11月。42.赵忠心,家庭教育学,人民教育出版社,2001年6月。43.王晓春,孩子,我们一路同行,中国妇女出版社,2003年6月。44.黄全愈,素质教育在美国,广东教育出版社,1999年12月。45.张崇善,论中美两国教育观之比较,2005年。46.晨曦,朱萍译,世界一流的美国家庭教育,海潮出版社,2004年10月。47.丁红菊,论我眼中的美国家庭教育,家庭教育网,2005。48.杨胜利,从“群体本位”与“个人本位”看中西文化价值观的差异,内蒙古师大学报(哲学社会科学版),2001年10月,第106页。49.金一鸣,教育目的论,湖北大学学报(哲社版),1996年第6期,50.王春莲,家长成功指南,远方出版社,2002年10月。51.候书森,哈佛素质教育理念精华,延边人民出版社,2001年7月。武汉理T大学硕十学位论文AcknowledgementsmanypeoplewhohaveassistedmeintheperiodofmyMythanksgotothree-yearstudyandinthepreparationofthisthesis.Inparticular,IowemuchgratitudetomysupervisorandProfessorcriticismWeiWandeconcerningfurthehisthoughtfulideas,suggestions,commentspresentthesis.HissedousnessinacademicresearchandpatienceheshowedduringthelongprocessoftherevisionofmydraftsspurredmeIanlalot.SchoolofForeignlanguage,ondeeplyindebtedtoalltheprofessorsintheWuhanUniversityofTechnology,fortheirenlighteninginstructionsavarioustopicswhichhaveprovidedmewithsystematicunderstandingofthefieldofAppliedLinguisticsandgreatlybenefitedmyintellectualgrowth.WordsfailmetoexpressmyheartythankstoLiHui,,LiShuangshuang,DongdevelopedYun,BoLiliandMingHongwithwhomIdiscussedmanyoftheideasinthethesis.Theirencouragementmeantagreatdealtome.IamalsothankfultomyparentSandmyboyfriend.Withouttheirloveandsupport,thisthesiswouldnothavebeencompleted.
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