LM3814_05资料

LM3814/LM3815FastCurrentGaugeICwithUltraLowLossSenseElementandPWMOutputFebruary2005

LM3814/LM3815

FastCurrentGaugeICwithUltraLowLossSenseElementandPWMOutput

GeneralDescription

TheLM3814/LM3815CurrentGaugesprovideeasytouseprecisioncurrentmeasurementwithvirtuallyzeroinsertionloss(typically0.004Ω).TheLM3814isusedforhigh-sidesensingandtheLM3815isusedforlow-sidesensing.

ADeltaSigmaanalogtodigitalconverterisincorporatedtopreciselymeasurethecurrentandtoprovideacurrentav-eragingfunction.Currentisaveragedover6msectimeperiodsinordertoprovideimmunitytocurrentspikes.TheICshaveapulse-widthmodulated(PWM)outputwhichindi-catesthecurrentmagnitudeanddirection.Theshutdownpincanbeusedtoinhibitfalsetriggeringduringstart-up,ortoenteralowquiescentcurrentmode.

TheLM3814andLM3815arefactory-setintwodifferentcurrentoptions.Thesenserangeis−1Ato+1Aor−7Ato+7A.Theuserspecifiesaparticularpartnumbertomatchthecurrentrangeforagivenapplication.Thesamplingintervalforthesepartsis6ms.Iflargersamplingintervalisdesiredforbetteraccuracy,pleaserefertothedatasheetsforthepartnumbersLM3812andLM3813.

n±3.5%accuracyatroomtemperature(includes

accuracyoftheinternalsenseelement)(LM3814-1.0,LM3815-1.0)

nLowquiescentcurrentinshutdownmode(typically2.5µA)

n6msecsamplinginterval

Features

nNoexternalsenseelementrequired

nPWMoutputindicatesthecurrentmagnitudeanddirection

nPWMoutputcanbeinterfacedwithmicroprocessorsnPrecision∆Σcurrent-sensetechniquenLowtemperaturesensitivity

nInternalfilteringrejectsfalsetripsnInternalPower-On-Reset(POR)

Applications

nnnn

Batterycharge/dischargegaugeMotioncontroldiagnostics

PowersupplyloadmonitoringandmanagementResettablesmartfuse

KeySpecifications

nUltralowinsertionloss(typically0.004Ω)n2Vto5.25Vsupplyrange

ConnectionDiagrams

10101303

10101301

TopViewLM3814

forHigh-SideSensing

TopViewLM3815

forLow-SideSensing

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LM3814/LM3815OrderingInformation

OrderNo.#SenseRange

SamplingInterval*6ms6ms6ms6ms6ms6ms6ms6ms

SensingMethodHigh-sideHigh-sideHigh-sideHigh-sideLow-sideLow-sideLow-sideLow-side

‡

NSPackageNumber‡M08AM08AM08AM08AM08AM08AM08AM08A

PackageTypeSO-8SO-8SO-8SO-8SO-8SO-8SO-8SO-8

SuppliedAs:

LM3814M-1.0LM3814MX-1.0LM3814M-7.0LM3814MX-7.0LM3815M-1.0LM3815MX-1.0LM3815M-7.0LM3815MX-7.0

#±1A±1A±7A±7A±1A±1A±7A±7A

95unitsinRails

2.5kunitsonTapeandReel95unitsinRails

2.5kunitsonTapeandReel95unitsinRails

2.5kunitsonTapeandReel95unitsinRails

2.5kunitsonTapeandReel

SuffixMindicatesthatthepartisavailableinSurfaceMountpackage.SuffixXindicatesthatthepartisavailablein2.5kunitsonTapeandReel.

*Currentissampledoverafixedinterval.TheaveragecurrentduringthisintervalisindicatedbythedutycycleofthePWMoutputduringnextinterval.

ThePackagecodeM08AisinternaltoNationalSemicon-ductorandindicatesan8-leadsurfacemountpackage,SO-8.

PinDescription(High-Side,LM3814)

PinDescription(High-Side,LM3814)

Pin12345678

SENSE−FLTR+FLTR−SDPWMGNDGND

Name

SENSE+,VDDLowsideofinternalcurrentsense.

Filterinput—providesanti-aliasingfordeltasigmamodulator.Filterinput.

Shutdownpin.ConnectedtoVDDthroughapullupresistorfornormaloperation.Whenlow,theICgoesintoalowcurrentmode(typically3µA).PWMoutputindicatesthecurrentmagnitudeanddirection.GroundGround

Function

Highsideofinternalcurrentsense,alsosupplyvoltage.

PinDescription(Low-Side,LM3815)

PinDescription(Low-Side,LM3815)

Pin12345678

SENSE−FLTR+FLTR−SDPWMGNDVDDName

SENSE+,GND

Lowsideofinternalcurrentsense.

Filterinput–providesanti-aliasingfordeltasigmamodulator.Filterinput.

Shutdownpin.ConnectedtoVDDthroughapullupresistorfornormaloperation.Whenlow,theICgoesintoalowcurrentmode(typically3µA).PWMoutputindicatesthecurrentmagnitudeanddirection.GroundVDD(supply)

Function

Highsideofinternalcurrentsense,alsoground.

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LM3814/LM3815AbsoluteMaximumRatings(Note1)

IfMilitary/Aerospacespecifieddevicesarerequired,pleasecontacttheNationalSemiconductorSalesOffice/Distributorsforavailabilityandspecifications.AbsoluteMaximumSupplyVoltagePowerDissipation

ESDSusceptibility(Note3)

SenseCurrent(peak,for200msec)(Note4)SinkCurrentforPWMpinVoltageonPin5

5.5V(Note2)1.5kV10A1mA5.25V

MaximumJunctionTemperatureStorageTemperature

LeadTemperature(Soldering,10sec)

150˚C

−65˚Cto+150˚C

260˚C

OperatingRatings(Note1)

InputVoltage

SenseCurrent(continuous)(Note4)JunctionTemperatureRange

2.0Vto5.25V

7A

−40˚Cto+125˚C

ElectricalCharacteristicsLM3814-1.0,LM3815-1.0

VDD=5.0Vforthefollowingspecifications.Supplybypasscapacitoris1µFandfiltercapacitoris0.1µF.SymbolIACCParameter

AverageCurrentAccuracy(Note7)

EffectiveOutputNoise(rms)

Conditions

at0.9Acurrent

Typ(Note5)0.9

0.868/0.8500.932/0.950

en12

Limit(Note6)

UnitsAA(min)A(max)mA

LM3814-7.0,LM3815-7.0

VDD=5.0Vforthefollowingspecifications.Supplybypasscapacitoris1µFandfiltercapacitoris0.1µF.SymbolIACCParameter

AverageCurrentAccuracy(Note7)

EffectiveOutputNoise(rms)

Conditions

at2.5Acurrent(Note8)

Typ(Note5)2.5

2.350/2.2882.650/2.712

en120

Limit(Note6)

UnitsAA(min)A(max)mA

CommonDeviceParameters

Unlessotherwisespecified,VDD=5.0Vforthefollowingspecifications.Supplybypasscapacitoris1µFandfiltercapacitoris0.1µF.SymbolIQ1IQ2DREStSParameter

QuiescentCurrentQuiescentCurrentPWMResolutionSamplingTime

Conditions

NormalMode,SD=highShutdownMode,SD=low

Typ(Note5)100

160

2.5

10

0.86

410

fPFrequencyofPWMWaveform

160

100250

VTHVTLVOHThresholdHighLevelforSDThresholdLowLevelforSDLogicHighLevelforPWM

Loadcurrent=1mA,2V≤VDD≤5.25V

3

Limit(Note6)

UnitsµAµA(max)µAµA(max)

%msms(min)ms(max)HzHz(min)Hz(max)

VV(min)VV(max)VV(min)

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1.2

1.8

1.3

0.7

VDD−0.05

VDD−0.2

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LM3814/LM3815ElectricalCharacteristics

Unlessotherwisespecified,VDD0.1µF.SymbolVOLPIParameter

LogicLowLevelforPWMInsertionLoss

(Continued)

CommonDeviceParameters

(Continued)

=5.0Vforthefollowingspecifications.Supplybypasscapacitoris1µFandfiltercapacitoris

Typ(Note5)0.04

0.2

0.004

Limit(Note6)

Conditions

Sinkcurrent=1mA,2V≤VDD≤5.25V

ISENSE=1A(Note9)

UnitsVV(max)Ω

Note1:AbsoluteMaximumRatingsindicatelimitsbeyondwhichdamagetothedevicemayoccur.OperatingRatingsindicateconditionsforwhichthedeviceisintendedtobefunctional,butdonotguaranteespecificperformancelimits.Forguaranteedspecificationsandtestconditions,seeElectricalCharacteristics.Theguaranteedspecificationsapplyonlyforthetestconditionslisted.Someperformancecharacteristicsmaydegradewhenthedeviceisnotoperatedunderthelistedtestconditions.

Note2:Atelevatedtemperatures,devicesmustbederatedbasedonpackagethermalresistance.Thedeviceinthesurface-mountpackagemustbederatedatθJA=150˚C/W(typically),junction-to-ambient.

Note3:Thehumanbodymodelisa100pFcapacitordischargedthrougha1.5kΩresistorintoeachpin.

Note4:Theabsolutemaximumpeakandcontinuouscurrentsspecifiedarenottested.ThesespecificationsaredependentontheθJA,whichis150˚C/WfortheS08package.

Note5:Typicalnumbersareat25˚Candrepresentthemostlikelyparametricnorm.SpecificationsinstandardtypefaceareforTJ=25˚Candthosewithboldfacetypeapplyoverfulloperatingtemperatureranges.

Note6:Limitsare100%productiontestedat25˚C.LimitsovertheoperatingtemperaturerangeareguaranteedthroughcorrelationusingStatisticalQualityControl(SQC)methods.ThelimitsareusedtocalculateNational’sAveragingOutgoingQualityLevel(AOQL).

Note7:Thereisavariationinaccuracyovertimeduetothermaleffects.PleaserefertothePWMOutputandCurrentAccuracysectionformoreinformation.Note8:ThePWMaccuracyforLM3814-7.0andLM3815-7.0dependsontheamountofcopperareaunderpins1and2,andthelayout.Pleaserefertothe\"PWMOutputandCurrentAccuracy\"sectionformoreinformation.

Note9:Thetoleranceoftheinternalleadframeresistoriscorrectedinternally.Thetemperaturecoefficientofthisresistoris2600ppm/˚C.

TypicalPerformanceCharacteristics

Supplybypasscapacitoris0.1µFandfiltercapacitoris0.1µF.

MeasuredCurrentvsActualCurrent

(LM3814-1.0andLM3815-1.0)

MeasuredCurrentvsActualCurrent

(LM3814-7.0andLM3815-7.0)

1010131510101324

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LM3814/LM3815TypicalPerformanceCharacteristicsSupplybypasscapacitoris0.1µFandfiltercapacitoris

0.1µF.(Continued)

PWMFrequencyvsSupplyVoltage

PWMFrequencyvsTemperature

10101314

10101317

OperatingCurrentvsSupplyVoltageShutdownCurrentvsSupplyVoltage

1010131810101319

OperatingCurrentvsTemperatureShutdownCurrentvsTemperature

1010132010101321

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LM3814/LM3815TypicalPerformanceCharacteristicsSupplybypasscapacitoris0.1µFandfiltercapacitoris

0.1µF.(Continued)

CurrentvsDutyCycle

AccuracyvsSupplyVoltage

10101322

10101328

AccuracyvsTemperature(LM3814-1.0andLM3815-1.0)AccuracyvsTemperature(LM3814-7.0andLM3815-7.0)

1010132910101330

ErrorvsCurrent(LM3814-1.0andLM3815-1.0)

(Note10)

ErrorvsCurrent(LM3814-7.0andLM3815-7.0)

(Note10)

1010132710101331

Note10:Thesecurvesrepresentastatisticalaveragesuchthatthenoiseisinsignificant.

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LM3814/LM3815TypicalApplicationCircuits

Intheapplicationcircuits,the0.1µFceramiccapacitorbetweenpins1and8isusedforbypassing,andthe0.1µFceramiccapacitorbetweenpins3and4isusedforfilter-ing.Shutdown(SD)istiedtoVDDthrougha10kΩresistor.

10101305

FIGURE1.HighSideSense

10101306

FIGURE2.LowSideSense

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LM3814/LM3815TypicalApplicationCircuitsIntheapplicationcircuits,the0.1µFceramiccapacitorbetweenpins1and8

isusedforbypassing,andthe0.1µFceramiccapacitorbetweenpins3and4isusedforfiltering.Shutdown(SD)istiedtoVDDthrougha10kΩresistor.(Continued)

10101307

FIGURE3.ParallelingLM3814forHigherLoadCurrent

ITOTAL=2.2(D1−0.5)IMAX+2.2(D2−0.5)IMAXwhereD1isthedutycycleofPWM1andD2isthedutycycleofPWM2.PleaserefertotheProductOperationsectionformoreinformation.

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LM3814/LM3815TypicalApplicationCircuitsIntheapplicationcircuits,the0.1µFceramiccapacitorbetweenpins1and8

isusedforbypassing,andthe0.1µFceramiccapacitorbetweenpins3and4isusedforfiltering.Shutdown(SD)istiedtoVDDthrougha10kΩresistor.(Continued)

10101308

FIGURE4.HighVoltageOperation—VINGreaterThan5.25V(HighSideSense)

(PWMoutputisreferredtoPin7)

10101309

FIGURE5.HighVoltageOperation—VINGreaterThan5.25V(LowSideSense)

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LM3814/LM3815ProductOperation

Thecurrentissampledbythedelta-sigmamodulator,asillustratedinFigure6.Thepulsedensityoutputofthedelta-sigmamodulatorisdigitallyfiltered.Thedigitaloutputisthencomparedtotheoutputofadigitalrampgenerator.ThisproducesaPWMoutput.ThedutycycleofthePWMoutputisproportionaltotheamountofcurrentflowing.Adutycycleof50%indicateszerocurrentflow.Ifthecurrentisflowinginpositivedirection,thedutycyclewillbegreaterthan50%.Conversely,thedutycyclewillbelessthan50%forcurrentsflowinginthenegativedirection.Adutycycleof95.5%(4.5%)indicatesthecurrentisatIMAX(−IMAX).TheICcansensecurrentsfrom−IMAXto+IMAX.OptionsforIMAXare1Aor10A.Thesensecurrentisgivenby:

ISENSE=2.2(D−0.5)(IMAX)

whereDisthedutycycleofthePWMwaveform,andIMAXisthefullscalecurrent(1Aor10A).Similarly,thedutycycleisgivenby:

D=[ISENSE/(2.2IMAX)]+0.5

Forquickreference,seetheConversionTablesinTable1andTable2.

Theusershouldnotethat,whiletheLM3814-7.0/LM3815-7.0willread10Afullscale,itisratedfor10Aoperationforadurationofnomorethan200msec,and7Aoperationcontinuously.

InthisIC,thecurrentisaveragedover6msectimeslots.Hence,momentarycurrentsurgesoflessthan6msecaretolerated.

Thisisasampleddatasystemwhichrequiresananti-aliasingfilter,providedbythefiltercapacitor.

Thedelta-sigmamodulatorconvertsthesensedcurrenttothedigitaldomain.Thisallowsdigitalfiltering,andprovidesimmunitytocurrentandnoisespikes.ThistypeoffilteringwouldbedifficultorimpossibletoaccomplishonanICwithanalogcomponents.

Whenordering,theuserhastospecifywhetherthepartisbeingusedforlow-sideorhigh-sidesense.Theuseralsoneedstospecifythefullscalevalue.SeetheOrderingInformationtablefordetails.

10101310

FIGURE6.FunctionalblockdiagramofLM3814andLM3815

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LM3814/LM3815PWMOutputandCurrentAccuracy

OFFSET

ThePWMoutputisquantizedto128levels.Therefore,thedutycyclecanchangeonlyinincrementsof1/128.

Thereisaone-half(0.5)quantizationcycledelayintheoutputofthePWMcircuitry.ThatistosaythatinsteadofadutycycleofN/128,thedutycycleactuallyis(N+1⁄2)/128.Thequantizationerrorcanbecorrectedforifamorepreciseresultisdesired.Tocorrectforthiserror,simplysubtract1/256fromthemeasureddutycycle.

TheextrahalfcycledelaywillshowupasaDCoffsetof1⁄2bitifitisnotcorrectedfor.Anoffsetof1⁄2bitis8timeslargerthanforprecisionmodeparts,andresultsinapproximately8.8mAfora1Amppartis88mAfora7Amppart.JITTER

Inadditiontoquantization,thedutycyclewillcontainsomejitter.Thejitterisquitesmall(forexample,thestandarddeviationofjitterisonly0.1%fortheLM3814/15-1.0).Sta-tisticallythejittercancauseanerrorinacurrentsample.Becausethejitterisarandomvariable,themeanandstan-darddeviationareused.Themean,oraveragevalue,ofthejitteriszero.Thestandarddeviation(0.1%)canbeusedtodefinethepeakerrorcausedfromjitter.

The\"crestfactor\"hasoftenbeenusedtodefinethemaxi-mumerrorcausedbyjitter.Thecrestfactordefinesalimitwithinwhich99.7%ofthesamplesfall.Thecrestfactorisdefinedas±0.3%errorinthedutycycle.

Sincethejitterisarandomvariable,averagingmultipleoutputswillreducetheeffectivejitter.Obeyingstatisticallaws,thejitterisreducedbythesquarerootofthenumberofreadingsthatareaveraged.Forexample,iffourreadingsofthedutycycleareaveraged,theresultingjitter(andcrestfactor)arereducedbyafactoroftwo.

JITTERANDNOISE

JitterinthePWMoutputappearsasnoiseinthecurrentmeasurement.TheElectricalCharacteristicsshownoisemeasuredincurrentRMS(rootmeansquare).ArbitrarilyonecouldspecifyPWMjitter,asopposedtonoise.Ineithercasetheeffectresultsinarandomerrorinanindividualcurrentmeasurement.

Noise,justlikejitter,canbereducedbyaveragingmanyreadings.TheRMSvalueofthenoisecorrespondstoonestandarddeviation.The\"crestfactor\"canbecalculatedintermsofcurrent,andisequalto±3sigma(RMSvalueofthenoise).

Noisewillalsobereducedbyaveragingmultiplereadings,andfollowsthestatisticallawsofarandomvariable.ACCURACYOF7AVERSIONS

ThegraphofFigure7showstwopossibleresponsestoa7Acurrentstep.Theflatresponseshowsbasicallya7Alevelwithsomenoise.ThisiswhatispossiblewithagoodthicktraceandagoodthermalconnectiontotheIConthesensepins.

Thesecondtracethatasymptoticallyapproachesahighervalueshowswhatcanhappenunderextremelypoorthermalconditions.HereaverysmallwireconnectstheICtothecurrentsource.Theverysmallwiredoesnotallowheatinthesenseresistortodissipate.Hence,asthesenseresistorheatsup,atemperaturedifferencebetweenthesenseele-mentandthediegetslarger,andanerrordevelops.Even-tuallythetemperaturedifferencereachessteadystate,whichaccountsfortheunder-dampedexponentialresponse.

10101323

FIGURE7.TransientResponseto7AmpStepCurrentACCURACYVERSUSNOISE

ThegraphshowninFigure8illustratesthetypicalresponseof±1Amperecurrentgauges.Inthisgraph,thehorizontalaxisindicatestime,andtheverticalaxisindicatesmeasuredcurrent(thePWMdutycyclehasbeenconvertedtocurrent).Thegraphwasgeneratedforanactualcurrentof500mA.ThedifferencebetweensuccessivereadingsmanifestsitselfasjitterinthePWMoutputornoiseinthecurrentmeasure-ment(whendutycycleofthePWMoutputisconvertedtocurrent).

Theaccuracyofthemeasurementdependsonthenoiseinthecurrentwaveform.Theaccuracycanbeimprovedbyaveragingseveraloutputs.Althoughthereisvariationinsuccessivereadings,averyaccuratemeasurementcanbeobtainedbyaveragingthereadings.Forexample,onaver-agingthereadingsshowninthisexample,theaveragecurrentmeasurementis497.5mA(Figure8).Thisvalueisveryclosetotheactualvalueof500mA.Moreover,theaccuracydependsonthenumberofreadingsthatareaver-aged.

10101325

FIGURE8.TypicalResponseofLM3814-1.0/LM3815-1.0

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LM3814/LM3815Look-UpTables

ThefollowingtablesshowhowtoconvertthedutycycleofthePWMoutputtoacurrentvalue,andviceversa.The

quantizationerrorof1⁄2bitisnotshowninthesetables.Pleaseseethe\"PWMOutputandCurrentAccuracy\"sectionformoredetails.

TABLE1.CURRENTTODUTYCYCLECONVERSIONTABLE

SenseCurrent

(Amps)*

1.000.950.900.850.800.750.700.650.600.550.500.450.400.350.300.250.200.150.100.050.00

DutyCycle

(%)

95.593.290.988.686.484.181.879.577.375.072.770.568.265.963.661.459.156.8.552.350.0

SenseCurrent

(Amps)*

-1.00-0.95-0.90-0.85-0.80-0.75-0.70-0.65-0.60-0.55-0.50-0.45-0.40-0.35-0.30-0.25-0.20-0.15-0.10-0.05-0.00

DutyCycle

(%)

4.56..111.413.615.918.220.522.725.027.329.531.834.136.438.0.943.245.7.750.0

*MaximumSenseCurrent=1.0AmpsforLM3814-1.0andLM3815-1.0

Thesensecurrentshouldbemultipliedby10forLM3814-7.0andLM3815-7.0.

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LM3814/LM3815TABLE2.DUTYCYCLETOCURRENTCONVERSIONTABLE

DutyCycle

(%)

95.592.590.087.585.082.580.077.575.072.570.067.565.062.560.057.555.052.550.0

SenseCurrent

(Amps)

0.9900.9350.8800.8250.7700.7150.6600.6050.5500.4950.4400.3850.3300.2750.2200.1650.1100.0550.000

DutyCycle

(%)

50.047.5.042.0.037.535.032.530.027.525.022.520.017.515.012.510.07.55.0

SenseCurrent

(Amps)

-0.000-0.055-0.110-0.165-0.220-0.275-0.330-0.385-0.440-0.495-0.550-0.605-0.660-0.715-0.770-0.825-0.880-0.935-0.990

*MaximumSenseCurrent=1.0AmpsforLM3814-1.0andLM3815-1.0.

Thesensecurrentshouldbemultipliedby10forLM3814-7.0andLM3815-7.0.

TimingDiagram

10101311

DutycycleofthePWMwaveformduringanysamplingintervalindicatesthecurrentmagnitude(average)anddirectionduringtheprevioussamplinginterval.

FIGURE9.TypicalTimingDiagramforMostlyPositiveCurrent

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LM3814/LM3815FastCurrentGaugeICwithUltraLowLossSenseElementandPWMOutputPhysicalDimensions

inches(millimeters)unlessotherwisenoted

8-lead(0.150\"Wide)MoldedSmallOutlinePackageSeeOrderingInformationtableforOrderNumbers

NSPackageNumberM08A

Nationaldoesnotassumeanyresponsibilityforuseofanycircuitrydescribed,nocircuitpatentlicensesareimpliedandNationalreservestherightatanytimewithoutnoticetochangesaidcircuitryandspecifications.Forthemostcurrentproductinformationvisitusatwww.national.com.LIFESUPPORTPOLICY

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